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The Automaticity of Everyday Life: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume X (Advances in Social Cognition Series #Vol. 10)

As Skinner argued so pointedly, the more we know about the situational causes of psychological phenomena, the less need we have for postulating internal conscious mediating processes to explain those phenomena. Now, as the purview of social psychology is precisely to discover those situational causes of thinking, feeling, and acting in the real or implied presence of other people, it is hard to escape the forecast that as knowledge progresses regarding social psychological phenomena there will be less of a role played by free will or conscious choice in accounting for them. In other words, because of social psychology's natural focus on the situational determinants of thinking, feeling, and doing, it is inevitable that social psychological phenomena increasingly will be found to be automatic in nature. This 10th book in the series addresses automaticity and how it relates to social behavior. The lead article, written by John Bargh, argues that social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic in nature, as opposed to being mediated by conscious choice or reflection. Bargh maintains that an automatic mental phenomenon is that which occurs reflexively whenever certain triggering conditions are in place; when those conditions are present, the process runs off autonomously, independently of conscious guidance. In his lead article, he focuses on these preconscious automatic processes that can be contrasted with postconscious and goal-dependent forms of automaticity which depend on more than the mere presence of environmental objects or events. Because social psychology, like automaticity theory and research, is also largely concerned with phenomena that occur whenever certain situational features or factors are in place, social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic. Students and researchers in social and cognitive psychology will find this to be a provocative addition to the series.

Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media

From hidden connections in big data to bots spreading fake news, journalism is increasingly computer-generated. Nicholas Diakopoulos explains the present and future of a world in which algorithms have changed how the news is created, disseminated, and received, and he shows why journalists—and their values—are at little risk of being replaced.

Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry (Marx, Engels, and Marxisms)

This book argues that Marxist theory is essential for understanding the contemporary industrialization of the form of artificial intelligence (AI) called machine learning. It includes a political economic history of AI, tracking how it went from a fringe research interest for a handful of scientists in the 1950s to a centerpiece of cybernetic capital fifty years later. It also includes a political economic study of the scale, scope and dynamics of the contemporary AI industry as well as a labour process analysis of commercial machine learning software production, based on interviews with workers and management in AI companies around the world, ranging from tiny startups to giant technology firms. On the basis of this study, Steinhoff develops a Marxist analysis to argue that the popular theory of immaterial labour, which holds that information technologies increase the autonomy of workers from capital, tending towards a post-capitalist economy, does not adequately describe the situation of high-tech digital labour today. In the AI industry, digital labour remains firmly under the control of capital. Steinhoff argues that theories discerning therein an emergent autonomy of labour are in fact witnessing labour’s increasing automation.

Automation and Human Solidarity

This book provides a detailed analysis of the economic and political implications of the introduction of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics into the service sector of economies that have so far relied on service jobs to sustain levels of employment. It examines how reliance on coercive measures for enforcing low-paid service work attempts to postpone this third Industrial Revolution, and analyses the struggles that must still take place if we are to achieve a future of freedom and social justice for all. While automation and globalisation have made human solidarities of traditional kinds more difficult to sustain, they have also made new kinds possible. Experiments in social policy, and especially the pilot projects with unconditional Universal Basic Incomes, offer a possible model for a new kind of society. The author argues that it is politics which will determine whether we can achieve these new human solidarities.

Automation and Utopia: Human Flourishing in a World without Work

Automating technologies threaten to usher in a workless future, but John Danaher argues that this can be a good thing. A world without work may be a kind of utopia, free of the misery of the job and full of opportunities for creativity and exploration. If we play our cards right, automation could be the path to idealized forms of human flourishing.

Automation in Communication: The Ideological Implications of Language Machines (Routledge Studies in Sociolinguistics)

By drawing on multiple examples from healthcare, religion, service encounters and poetry, Lionel Wee presents rich insights into the use of automation in communication through a posthumanist lens. As communication becomes increasingly automated, the use of automation creates significant conceptual challenges for ideologies about language, beliefs about the nature of language, as well as assumptions about the roles that interpretation, anthropomorphism, and folk theories of mind play when language is used in communication. This book unravels the ideological implications of automation in communication and provides a new theoretical ground to address the major issues raised by automation. Wee discusses the importance of thinking carefully about how we identify and distinguish the roles of speaker and hearer. He also argues that we re-evaluate our understanding of the relationship between language and community.This book will be vital to students interested in studying the intersections of AI, language and communication, as well as researchers working in communication studies, linguistics and the broader sociology of language in the age of technological change.

Automation in Communication: The Ideological Implications of Language Machines (Routledge Studies in Sociolinguistics)

By drawing on multiple examples from healthcare, religion, service encounters and poetry, Lionel Wee presents rich insights into the use of automation in communication through a posthumanist lens. As communication becomes increasingly automated, the use of automation creates significant conceptual challenges for ideologies about language, beliefs about the nature of language, as well as assumptions about the roles that interpretation, anthropomorphism, and folk theories of mind play when language is used in communication. This book unravels the ideological implications of automation in communication and provides a new theoretical ground to address the major issues raised by automation. Wee discusses the importance of thinking carefully about how we identify and distinguish the roles of speaker and hearer. He also argues that we re-evaluate our understanding of the relationship between language and community.This book will be vital to students interested in studying the intersections of AI, language and communication, as well as researchers working in communication studies, linguistics and the broader sociology of language in the age of technological change.

Automatisierte Geldanlage: Determinanten und Einflussbedingungen der Akzeptanz von Investment Management FinTechs (Schriften zum europäischen Management)

Julian Gulden untersucht Determinanten und Kontextfaktoren der Akzeptanz und Nutzung von Investment Management FinTechs. Auf Basis eines Modells mit theoretisch und praktisch hergeleiteten Einflussfaktoren werden Konsumentenbedürfnisse und Konsumentenverhalten analysiert. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass Nutzen, Bedienungsfreundlichkeit und Vertrauen die Hauptfaktoren für eine erfolgreiche Akzeptanz darstellen. Der Autor untersucht zudem unterschiedliche soziodemographische Kontextfaktoren. Darüber hinaus werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis abgeleitet.

Automobil und Geschlecht: Explorative Analysen jenseits stereotyper Zuschreibungen

Marc Vobker untersucht das Verhältnis von Automobil und Geschlecht auf drei Ebenen. Im Sinne einer Strukturkategorie fragt er zunächst nach systematischen Unterschieden der Geschlechter hinsichtlich der Aneignung des Autos und kommt entgegen bisheriger Forschungsergebnisse zu dem Befund einer egalitären Tendenz. Im nächsten Schritt untersucht der Autor symbolische Repräsentationen, die in problemzentrierten Interviews von den Befragten formuliert wurden, und stellt dabei hochgradig ungleichheitsorientierte Geschlechterzuschreibungen fest. Schließlich kritisiert er anhand seines Materials die in den Sozialwissenschaften verbreitete Vorstellung, mit dem Automobil sei eine Bestätigung männlicher bzw. eine Bedrohung weiblicher Identität verbunden. Zudem wird das Auto hinsichtlich zahlreicher Ideologisierungen und seiner Aneignung jenseits eines Transportgegenstandes analysiert.

Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road (Transportation Human Factors)

Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver's new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road (Transportation Human Factors)

Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver's new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.

Automobilhersteller ohne eigene Marke: Aufstieg, Krise und Perspektiven

Automobilities (PDF)

Mobility - flows, movement and migration in social life - has emerged as a central area of sociological debate, yet one of its most dominant forms, automobility, has remained largely ignored. Edited by three leading social analysts, Automobilities presents one of the first and most wide-ranging examinations of the car and its promise of autonomy and mobility. Drawing on rich empirical detail, from ethnographies of office work on the motorway to the important of the car in French cultural theory, the contributions demonstrate just how significant have been the economic, technological, social and political consequences of a pervasive and accelerating culture of the car. A broad array of theories are put to work to illuminate this vast and yet neglected topic: strategy and tactics, complexity theory, performativity, actor network theory, film theory, material culture, theories of non-places, embodiment, sensuous geography/sociology, ethnomethodology and non-representational theory. This book will firmly establish automobilities as a key topic for theory and research. Automobilities represents a landmark text that will contribute to and provide a significant impetus for the emerging analysis of mobilities in contemporary societies.

Automotive Human-Machine Interaction (Research on Automotive Intelligent Cockpit)

This book focuses on the evaluation methodology for automotive human-machine interaction (HMI), which aim to reduce driving distractions, lower operational loads, optimize user experience design, and enhance user value.The book is divided into three parts. The first part, consisting of Chapters 1–3, introduces the evolution of automotive HMI and proposes a three-dimensional orthogonal evaluation system for automotive HMI that is comprehensive, systematic, and quantifiable. This evaluation system incorporates all evaluation items into a spatial matrix consisting of three dimensions: interaction tasks, interaction modalities, and evaluation indexes. The second part provides a comprehensive presentation and in-depth discussion of the evaluation indexes. The three rational evaluation indexes are utility, safety, and efficiency, which can be tested by the real-car driving simulator. The four emotional evaluation indexes are cognition, intelligence, value, and aesthetics. In orderto standardize the latter two subjective indexes, this book summarizes common differences in value between Chinese and European users and organizes typical aesthetic orientations in automotive UI based on art history research. The third part introduces the application of this HMI evaluation system in the automotive R&D process, including how to integrate the evaluation into a real product development process to achieve efficient product iteration.This book is suitable for intelligent cockpit and HMI designers, engineers, and researchers. It is also used as a reference for product managers and students in the field of intelligent connected vehicles.

Autonome Systeme und Arbeit: Perspektiven, Herausforderungen und Grenzen der Künstlichen Intelligenz in der Arbeitswelt

Intelligente Planungssysteme und smarte Roboter: In Zukunft werden Autonome Systeme, die auf den Prinzipien der Künstlichen Intelligenz basieren, Einzug auch in die Arbeitswelt halten. Dies wirft nicht nur erneut Fragen nach den Konsequenzen für Jobs und Qualifikationen auf - ungeklärt sind weiterhin die tatsächlichen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser Systeme sowie die daraus folgenden arbeitspolitischen und ethischen Probleme. Dieser Band leistet einen interdisziplinären Beitrag zum laufenden Diskurs.

Autonomes Fahren: Technische, rechtliche und gesellschaftliche Aspekte

Ist das voll automatisierte, autonom fahrende Auto zum Greifen nah? Testfahrzeuge und Zulassungen in den USA erwecken diesen Eindruck, werfen aber gleichzeitig viele neue Fragestellungen auf. Wie werden autonome Fahrzeuge in das aktuelle Verkehrssystem integriert? Wie erfolgt ihre rechtliche Einbettung? Welche Risiken bestehen und wie wird mit diesen umgegangen? Und welche Akzeptanz seitens der Gesellschaft sowie des Marktes kann hinsichtlich dieser Entwicklungen überhaupt erwartet werden?Das vorliegende Buch gibt Antworten auf ein breites Spektrum dieser und weiterer Fragen. Expertinnen und Experten aus Deutschland und den USA beschreiben aus ingenieur- und gesellschaftswissenschaftlicher Sicht zentrale Themen im Zusammenhang mit der Automatisierung von Fahrzeugen im öffentlichen Straßenverkehr. Sie zeigen auf, welche „Entscheidungen“ einem autonomen Fahrzeug abverlangt werden beziehungsweise welche „Ethik“ programmiert werden muss. Die Autorinnen und Autoren diskutieren Erwartungen und Bedenken, die die individuelle wie auch die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz des autonomen Fahrens kennzeichnen. Ein durch autonome Fahrzeuge erhöhtes Sicherheitspotenzial wird den Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätzen, die bei der Absicherung des Sicherheitskonzeptes eine Rolle spielen, gegenübergestellt. Zudem erläutern sie, welche Veränderungsmöglichkeiten und Chancen sich für unsere Mobilität und die Neuorganisation des Verkehrsgeschehens ergeben, nicht zuletzt auch für den Güterverkehr. Das Buch bietet somit eine aktuelle, umfassende und wissenschaftlich fundierte Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema „Autonomes Fahren“.

Autonomie der Kunst?: Zur Aktualität eines gesellschaftlichen Leitbildes (Kunst und Gesellschaft)

Die Autonomie der Kunst ist heute umstrittener denn je. Als Produkt bürgerlicher Emanzipationsbestrebungen erscheint sie mittlerweile vielen ideologieverdächtig. Aber auch die Verwendbarkeit des Begriffes der (Kunst-)Autonomie als einem analytischen Konzept wird immer wieder in Zweifel gezogen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht der vorliegende Band die verschiedenen soziologischen Autonomiekonzeptionen einer kritischen und empirisch gesättigten Überprüfung.

Autonomie und Bewährung: Grundbegriffe rekonstruktiver Sozialisations- und Bildungsforschung (Rekonstruktive Sozialisationsforschung)

Der interdisziplinär angelegte Band bringt empirische, theoretische und methodologische Auseinandersetzungen mit den beiden Grundbegriffen zusammen. Exemplarisch wird gezeigt, welches Aufschlusspotential sich für eine rekonstruktive Sozial- und Erziehungswissenschaft ergibt. Mit den Begriffen ‚Autonomie‘ und ‚Bewährung‘ werden nicht reduzierbare Probleme und Leistungen des einzelnen Menschen und deren kulturelle Rahmenbedingungen wieder in den Fokus subjektorientierter Bildungsforschung gerückt.

Autonomie und Kalkulation: Zur Praxis gesellschaftlicher Ökonomisierung im Gesundheits- und Krankenhauswesen (Arbeit und Organisation #1)

Der Strukturwandel im Gesundheitswesen wird häufig als Effizienz- und Qualitätsgewinn zugleich gepriesen. Ein soziologischer Blick indes zeigt: was sich hinter der »Ökonomisierung« der Krankenversorgung verbirgt, ist ein höchst kontroverses Unterfangen. Kaspar Molzberger nimmt in Anlehnung an relationale Sozialtheorien eine Neubestimmung vor. Seine praxissoziologische Studie verdeutlicht, womit die nach professionellen Werten arbeitenden Berufsgruppen in Krankenhäusern zu kämpfen haben, wenn sie den neoliberalen Managementreformen zu entsprechen suchen. Es droht eine »Verkehrung des Gewöhnlichen«: Die Autonomie der Arzt- und Pflegeberufe wird nunmehr als kalkulative behandelt und es ist folglich das Krankenhaus, das mit immer mehr Kranken versorgt werden muss, um zu überleben.

The Autonomous Child: Theorizing Socialization (SpringerBriefs in Well-Being and Quality of Life Research)

The social sciences offer a variety of theories on how children develop, and various theories and disciplines apply their own vocabularies and conceptualise different aspects of the processes of socialization. This book looks at the theorizing of socialization in sociology, anthropology, psychology, in the life course approach, and as the interplay of genetics and environmental factors. It analyses the dominant perspectives and viewpoints within each discipline and field, and shows how the various theories and disciplines apply their own vocabularies and conceptualise different aspects of the processes of socialization. It argues that socialization does not represent a fixed trajectory into a static social order, and that different disciplines meet the challenges of complex developmental processes and changing environments in different ways. Socialization is a fundamental concept in sociology, but sociology has only to a limited degree sought to produce a coherent understanding of the processes of socialization, which has to encompass the interplay of societal, psychological and genetic factors. This book draws the threads together and, by doing so, offers a general framework for our understanding of the socialization process. At the centre of this process is the child as a subject, in an interplay with the patterns and significant others of the micro environment as well as with the macro-conditions of the modern knowledge based economies.

The Autonomous Child: Day Care and the Transmission of Values (Routledge Revivals)

Originally published in 1986, this book’s focal point is a field study which asks whether the social childrearing context of daycare transmits to young children values different from those within America’s dominant value tradition of individualism. Daycare critics were concerned that this social childrearing within daycare would weaken the family and promote collectivist rather than individualistic values, and thereby threaten the social continuity of America’s values. Through participant observation four daycare teachers’ interactions as they emphasize children’s individual learning experiences and children’s social learning experiences are examined. By focusing on the actions and words of daycare teachers and their children in their daily activities over time, this field study provides a conceptual model for an initial understanding of the relationship of daycare to the continuity of America’s values.

The Autonomous Child: Day Care and the Transmission of Values (Routledge Revivals)

Originally published in 1986, this book’s focal point is a field study which asks whether the social childrearing context of daycare transmits to young children values different from those within America’s dominant value tradition of individualism. Daycare critics were concerned that this social childrearing within daycare would weaken the family and promote collectivist rather than individualistic values, and thereby threaten the social continuity of America’s values. Through participant observation four daycare teachers’ interactions as they emphasize children’s individual learning experiences and children’s social learning experiences are examined. By focusing on the actions and words of daycare teachers and their children in their daily activities over time, this field study provides a conceptual model for an initial understanding of the relationship of daycare to the continuity of America’s values.

Autonomous Dynamic Reconfiguration in Multi-Agent Systems: Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Collaborative Problem Solving (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #2427)

High communication efforts and poor problem solving results due to restricted overview are two central issues in collaborative problem solving. This work addresses these issues by introducing the processes of agent melting and agent splitting that enable individual problem solving agents to continually and autonomously reconfigure and adapt themselves to the particular problem to be solved. The author provides a sound theoretical foundation of collaborative problem solving itself and introduces various new design concepts and techniques to improve its quality and efficiency, such as the multi-phase agreement finding protocol for external problem solving, the composable belief-desire-intention agent architecture, and the distribution-aware constraint specification architecture for internal problem solving. The practical relevance and applicability of the concepts and techniques provided are demonstrated by using medical appointment scheduling as a case study.

Autonomous Learning in the Workplace (SIOP Organizational Frontiers Series)

Traditionally, organizations and researchers have focused on learning that occurs through formal training and development programs. However, the realities of today’s workplace suggest that it is difficult, if not impossible, for organizations to rely mainly on formal programs for developing human capital. This volume offers a broad-based treatment of autonomous learning to advance our understanding of learner-driven approaches and how organizations can support them. Contributors in industrial/organizational psychology, management, education, and entrepreneurship bring theoretical perspectives to help us understand autonomous learning and its consequences for individuals and organizations. Chapters consider informal learning, self-directed learning, learning from job challenges, mentoring, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), organizational communities of practice, self-regulation, the role of feedback and errors, and how to capture value from autonomous learning. This book will appeal to scholars, researchers, and practitioners in psychology, management, training and development, and educational psychology.

Autonomous Learning in the Workplace (SIOP Organizational Frontiers Series)

Traditionally, organizations and researchers have focused on learning that occurs through formal training and development programs. However, the realities of today’s workplace suggest that it is difficult, if not impossible, for organizations to rely mainly on formal programs for developing human capital. This volume offers a broad-based treatment of autonomous learning to advance our understanding of learner-driven approaches and how organizations can support them. Contributors in industrial/organizational psychology, management, education, and entrepreneurship bring theoretical perspectives to help us understand autonomous learning and its consequences for individuals and organizations. Chapters consider informal learning, self-directed learning, learning from job challenges, mentoring, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), organizational communities of practice, self-regulation, the role of feedback and errors, and how to capture value from autonomous learning. This book will appeal to scholars, researchers, and practitioners in psychology, management, training and development, and educational psychology.