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Belohnungen für Online Reviews: Unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Abgabewahrscheinlichkeit und die Valenz (Applied Marketing Science / Angewandte Marketingforschung)
by Ann-Kathrin GrötschelAuf Basis sozialpsychologischer Theorien leitet Ann-Kathrin Grötschel Hypothesen zu den Wirkungen von Belohnungsangeboten für das Verfassen von Online Reviews her. Die aufgestellten Hypothesen werden mit einer offenen Befragung und zwei experimentellen Studien empirisch überprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Studien zeigen die zugrundeliegenden psychologischen Effekte sowie die resultierenden Verhaltensabsichten der angesprochenen Kunden. Ein Belohnungsangebot steigert die Online-Review-Abgabewahrscheinlichkeit, während sich die positiven und negativen Effekte auf die Online-Review-Valenz gegenseitig aufheben.
Belonging: The Ancient Code of Togetherness
by Owen EastwoodWhakapapa. You belong here.Whakapapa is a Maori idea which embodies our universal human need to belong. It represents a powerful spiritual belief - that each of us is part of an unbroken and unbreakable chain of people who share a sacred identity and culture.Owen Eastwood places this concept at the core of his methods to maximise a team's performance. In this book he reveals, for the first time, the ethos that has made him one of the most in-demand Performance Coaches in the world.In Belonging, Owen weaves together insights from homo sapiens' evolutionary story and ancestral wisdom. He shines a light on where these powerful ideas are applied around our world in high-performing settings encompassing sport, business, the arts and military.Aspects of Owen's unique approach include: finding your identity story; defining a shared purpose; visioning future success; sharing ownership with others; understanding the 'silent dance' that plays out in groups; setting the conditions to unleash talent; and converting our diversity into a competitive advantage.
Belonging: The Key to Transforming and Maintaining Diversity, Inclusion and Equality at Work
by Sue Unerman Kathryn Jacob Mark EdwardsThere's never been more discussion around diversity and inclusion in the workplace. From gender pay gaps to the #MeToo movement, it seems that every organization has finally recognised that change needs to happen.Despite this, true progress towards more inclusive workspaces has been excruciatingly slow and, in some cases, has grinded to a halt. Following extensive research and interviews at over 200 international businesses, Kathryn Jacob, Sue Unerman and Mark Edwards have discovered the major problem that is holding back the move towards greater diversity: where are all the men?Most men are not engaged with D&I initiatives in the workplace – at one extreme they may be feeling actively hostile and threatened by the changing cultural landscape. But others may be unmotivated to change – recognising the abstract benefits of diversity but not realising what's in it for them. Built upon this seemingly counterintuitive approach of bringing men into the conservation, Belonging is an accessible and comprehensive guide to achieving diversity that lasts.
Belonging: The Key to Transforming and Maintaining Diversity, Inclusion and Equality at Work
by Sue Unerman Kathryn Jacob Mark EdwardsThere's never been more discussion around diversity and inclusion in the workplace. From gender pay gaps and the #MeToo movement to Black Lives Matter, it seems that every organization has finally recognised that lasting change needs to happen. Various studies show that the most successful and productive senior management teams are those which are truly diverse and eclectic. Yet there remains only 8 female CEOs of FTSE 100 boards, and only 10 BAME people working in leadership roles across companies in the FTSE 100. While there has been a clear shift in attitudes, actual progress towards more inclusive workspaces has been excruciatingly slow and, in some cases, has grinded to a halt. Following extensive research and interviews at over 200 international businesses, Kathryn Jacob, Sue Unerman and Mark Edwards have discovered one major problem that is holding back the move towards greater diversity: why aren't the men getting involved? Most men are not engaged with D&I initiatives in the workplace – at one extreme they may be feeling actively hostile and threatened by the changing cultural landscape. But others may be unmotivated to change – recognising the abstract benefits of diversity but not realising what's in it for them. Built upon this seemingly counterintuitive approach of bringing men into the conversation, Belonging is an accessible and comprehensive guide to achieving diversity that lasts.
Belonging and Resilience in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities: Community and Family Engagement (Emerging Issues in Family and Individual Resilience)
by Jennifer L. Jones Kami L. GallusThis book examines belonging as a key protective factor for enhancing resilience for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families. It focuses on understanding intellectual and developmental disabilities and resilience from systemic and social-ecological perspectives, emphasizing the roles of professionals, families, and communities in combating long-standing segregation and health disparities experienced by individuals and families. The volume explores the dimensions of belonging across diverse professional fields using a person-centered approach that acknowledges the significant lifelong role of family members and emphasizes reflective practice for professionals. Chapters present research and innovative strategies to facilitate belonging when working alongside individuals and families.Key areas of coverage include: Family-professional partnerships in working with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities across lifespan and community contexts. Spirituality, mental health, and identity in persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research ethics and design in working with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The diverse needs, desires, and preferences of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The importance of individualized planning and approaches in fostering belonging for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Belonging and Resilience in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities is a valuable resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and related professionals in developmental psychology, family studies, public health, and social work as well as related disciplines, including education policy and politics, behavioral health, and psychiatry.
Belonging and Transnational Refugee Settlement: Unsettling the Everyday and the Extraordinary (Studies in Migration and Diaspora)
by Jay MarloweThe Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315268958, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. The image we have of refugees is one of displacement – from their homes, families and countries – and yet, refugee settlement is increasingly becoming an experience of living simultaneously in places both proximate and distant, as people navigate and transcend international borders in numerous and novel ways. At the same time, border regimes remain central in defining the possibilities and constraints of meaningful settlement. This book examines the implications of ‘belonging’ in numerous places as increased mobilities and digital access create new global connectedness in uneven and unexpected ways. Belonging and Transnational Refugee Settlement positions refugee settlement as an ongoing transnational experience and identifies the importance of multiple belongings through several case studies based on original research in Australia and New Zealand, as well as at sites in the US, Canada and the UK. Demonstrating the interplay between everyday and extraordinary experiences and broadening the dominant refugee discourses, this book critiques the notion that meaningful settlement necessarily occurs in ‘local’ places. The author focuses on the extraordinary events of trauma and disasters alongside the everyday lives of refugees undertaking settlement, to provide a conceptual framework that embraces and honours the complexities of working with the ‘trauma story’ and identifies approaches to see beyond it. This book will appeal to those with an interest in migration and diaspora studies, human geography and sociology.
Belonging and Transnational Refugee Settlement: Unsettling the Everyday and the Extraordinary (Studies in Migration and Diaspora)
by Jay MarloweThe Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315268958, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. The image we have of refugees is one of displacement – from their homes, families and countries – and yet, refugee settlement is increasingly becoming an experience of living simultaneously in places both proximate and distant, as people navigate and transcend international borders in numerous and novel ways. At the same time, border regimes remain central in defining the possibilities and constraints of meaningful settlement. This book examines the implications of ‘belonging’ in numerous places as increased mobilities and digital access create new global connectedness in uneven and unexpected ways. Belonging and Transnational Refugee Settlement positions refugee settlement as an ongoing transnational experience and identifies the importance of multiple belongings through several case studies based on original research in Australia and New Zealand, as well as at sites in the US, Canada and the UK. Demonstrating the interplay between everyday and extraordinary experiences and broadening the dominant refugee discourses, this book critiques the notion that meaningful settlement necessarily occurs in ‘local’ places. The author focuses on the extraordinary events of trauma and disasters alongside the everyday lives of refugees undertaking settlement, to provide a conceptual framework that embraces and honours the complexities of working with the ‘trauma story’ and identifies approaches to see beyond it. This book will appeal to those with an interest in migration and diaspora studies, human geography and sociology.
Belonging, Gender and Identity in the Doctoral Years: Across Time and Space (Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education)
by Rachel HandforthThis book uses belonging as a lens through which to understand women students’ experiences of studying for a doctorate, exploring the impact of academic cultures on career aspirations. Drawing on discourses of neoliberalism and academic identities, it makes a valuable contribution to ongoing discussions of gender inequality in the academy. Based on data gathered from women doctoral students in the UK, this book offers a contemporary, research-informed understanding of the doctorate as an inherently gendered experience, which has implications for individuals, academic institutions, and for the future of the academic sector. The book will be of interest to academics working in the area of doctoral education, doctoral supervisors and those involved in doctoral student support, including researcher developers and individuals working in graduate schools, as well as doctoral students themselves.
Belonging, Identity, Time and Young People’s Engagement in the Middle Years of School
by Seth Brown Peter Kelly Scott K. PhillipsThis book explores the complex ways in which belonging, identity and time are entangled in shaping young people engagement with the middle years of school. The authors argue that these ‘entanglements’ need to be understood in ways that move beyond a focus on why individual young people engage with the middle years. Instead, there should be a focus on the socio-ecologies of particular places, and the ways in which these ecologies shape the possibilities of young people engaging productively in the middle years. Drawing on extensive qualitative data from an outer-urban metropolitan context, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, education and policy studies.
Belonging in Brixton: An Ethnography of Migrant West Indian Elders in Brixton, London
by Audrey AllwoodThis volume provides a unique perspective on elderly working-class West Indian migrants in the UK, particularly examining how they negotiate their sense of belonging. Utilizing the life span gaze and including elements of oral history and narrative, this ethnography provides rich insight into the ordinary lives, migratory circumstances, social networks, and interactions with the state as residents in a sheltered housing scheme in Brixton, London. The author further compiles a variety of genealogy charts, providing a uniquely vivid scholarly analysis of the Caribbean migrant experience both in a “place” and through space and time. Ultimately, this work contemplates how communities face change whilst at once developing a local symbolic cultural site, navigating adaptation to new economic and social environments.
Belonging in Changing Educational Spaces: Negotiating Global, Transnational, and Neoliberal Dynamics (Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education)
by Karen Monkman Ann FrkovichThis book explores the impacts on personal and professional, local and global forms of belonging in educational spaces amidst rapid changes shaped by globalization. Encouraging readers to consider the idea of belonging as an educational goal as much as a guiding educational strategy, this text forms a unique contribution to the field. Drawing on empirical and theoretical analyses, chapters illustrate how educational experience informs a sense of belonging, which is increasingly juxtaposed against a variety of global dynamics including neoliberalism, transnationalism, and global policy and practice discourses. Addressing phenomena such as refugee education, large-scale international assessments, and study abroad, the volume’s focus on ten countries including Japan, Sierra Leone, and the US demonstrates the complexities of globalization and illuminates possibilities for supporting new constructions of belonging in rapidly globalizing educational spaces. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in international and comparative education, multicultural education, and educational policy more broadly. Those interested in the sociology of education and cultural studies within education will also benefit from this volume.
Belonging in Changing Educational Spaces: Negotiating Global, Transnational, and Neoliberal Dynamics (Routledge Research in International and Comparative Education)
by Karen Monkman Ann FrkovichThis book explores the impacts on personal and professional, local and global forms of belonging in educational spaces amidst rapid changes shaped by globalization. Encouraging readers to consider the idea of belonging as an educational goal as much as a guiding educational strategy, this text forms a unique contribution to the field. Drawing on empirical and theoretical analyses, chapters illustrate how educational experience informs a sense of belonging, which is increasingly juxtaposed against a variety of global dynamics including neoliberalism, transnationalism, and global policy and practice discourses. Addressing phenomena such as refugee education, large-scale international assessments, and study abroad, the volume’s focus on ten countries including Japan, Sierra Leone, and the US demonstrates the complexities of globalization and illuminates possibilities for supporting new constructions of belonging in rapidly globalizing educational spaces. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with an interest in international and comparative education, multicultural education, and educational policy more broadly. Those interested in the sociology of education and cultural studies within education will also benefit from this volume.
Belonging, Solidarity and Expansion in Social Policy
by S. BörnerThis book examines the relationship of belonging and social policy in a historical-comparative perspective reconstructing individual arguments in favour of or opposed to the expansion of solidarities.
Below the Surface: Talking with Teens about Race, Ethnicity, and Identity
by Deborah Rivas-Drake Adriana Umaña-TaylorA guide to the latest research on how young people can develop positive ethnic-racial identities and strong interracial relationsToday’s young people are growing up in an increasingly ethnically and racially diverse society. How do we help them navigate this world productively, given some of the seemingly intractable conflicts we constantly hear about? In Below the Surface, Deborah Rivas-Drake and Adriana Umaña-Taylor explore the latest research in ethnic and racial identity and interracial relations among diverse youth in the United States. Drawing from multiple disciplines, including developmental psychology, social psychology, education, and sociology, the authors demonstrate that young people can have a strong ethnic-racial identity and still view other groups positively, and that in fact, possessing a solid ethnic-racial identity makes it possible to have a more genuine understanding of other groups.During adolescence, teens reexamine, redefine, and consolidate their ethnic-racial identities in the context of family, schools, peers, communities, and the media. The authors explore each of these areas and the ways that ideas of ethnicity and race are implicitly and explicitly taught. They provide convincing evidence that all young people—ethnic majority and minority alike—benefit from engaging in meaningful dialogues about race and ethnicity with caring adults in their lives, which help them build a better perspective about their identity and a foundation for engaging in positive relationships with those who are different from them.Timely and accessible, Below the Surface is an ideal resource for parents, teachers, educators, school administrators, clergy, and all who want to help young people navigate their growth and development successfully.
Below the Surface: Talking with Teens about Race, Ethnicity, and Identity
by Deborah Rivas-Drake Adriana Umaña-TaylorA guide to the latest research on how young people can develop positive ethnic-racial identities and strong interracial relationsToday’s young people are growing up in an increasingly ethnically and racially diverse society. How do we help them navigate this world productively, given some of the seemingly intractable conflicts we constantly hear about? In Below the Surface, Deborah Rivas-Drake and Adriana Umaña-Taylor explore the latest research in ethnic and racial identity and interracial relations among diverse youth in the United States. Drawing from multiple disciplines, including developmental psychology, social psychology, education, and sociology, the authors demonstrate that young people can have a strong ethnic-racial identity and still view other groups positively, and that in fact, possessing a solid ethnic-racial identity makes it possible to have a more genuine understanding of other groups.During adolescence, teens reexamine, redefine, and consolidate their ethnic-racial identities in the context of family, schools, peers, communities, and the media. The authors explore each of these areas and the ways that ideas of ethnicity and race are implicitly and explicitly taught. They provide convincing evidence that all young people—ethnic majority and minority alike—benefit from engaging in meaningful dialogues about race and ethnicity with caring adults in their lives, which help them build a better perspective about their identity and a foundation for engaging in positive relationships with those who are different from them.Timely and accessible, Below the Surface is an ideal resource for parents, teachers, educators, school administrators, clergy, and all who want to help young people navigate their growth and development successfully.
The Belt and Road Initiative: An Old Archetype of a New Development Model
by Francisco José B. S. Leandro Paulo Afonso B. DuarteThis book is an analysis of the developments associated with the Belt and Road Initiative (B&RI) five years after Xi Jinping announced both the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the 21st Maritime Silk Road (21MSR). Together, these two dimensions constitute the B&RI, providing the so-called Chinese ‘project of the century’ with regional, inter-regional and global reach. This book aims at assessing the impact of the B&RI in all these dimensions and levels of influence. This is a current and promising theme, not only in the short and medium terms, but also within a broader timescale, reflecting Chinese strategic thinking itself, since Chinese philosophy and culture are oriented towards long-term and inter-generational perspectives. Likewise, both the title of this publication and the way it has been organized result from the empirical perception that China asserts a conservative attitude towards foreign affairs, redesigned in multiple dimensions, to create a perception of domestic unity and global prestige. In this vein of thought, the B&RI is already influencing and will continue to influence, directly or indirectly, the current economic and political order.
The Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Case Studies Report 2020
by BRI International Green DevelopmentThis is an Open Access book. In accordance with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it showcases 17 projects under the framework of Belt & Road Initiative (BRI). These projects cover ninefields, namely, biodiversity and ecosystem, clean energy, clean water, sustainable transportation, solid waste treatment, sustainable consumption and production, green buildings, sustainable foodproduction and corporate social responsibility. Aiming at achieving green development, these projects, in their implementation, adhere to the concept of ecological civilization, combine China’s strict environmental protection systems and international standards, and take various measures of environmental protection based on the conditions of the local environment. These measures include joint efforts with local governments, businesses and communities, optimizating of design and construction plans, strict controling over different types of pollutants, and in situ conservation of species and ecosystems.The experience and practice of these 13 projects set an example for the latecomers.
Benchmark Tasks for Job Analysis: A Guide for Functional Job Analysis (fja) Scales (Applied Psychology Series)
by Sidney A. Fine Maury GetkateHuman resource practitioners are repeatedly faced with the challenge of effectively using language to clearly describe the work performed on a job. Functional Job Analysis--an internationally recognized and respected job analysis method --has been meeting this challenge for more than forty years. In this book, the authors show how human resource practitioners can use structured task statements and comprehensive rating scales to gain the perspective needed to map the domain of any job. In response to the demands of human resource practitioners, the book focuses on the seven scales used in Functional Job Analysis. More than 450 structured tasks were used to illustrate the breadth and scope of all the levels of these scales. These tasks can be used effectively as benchmarks to chart the work requirements of virtually any job. Personnel practitioners will find insights into the challenges of job analysis, as well as the tools needed to make job analysis more comprehensive, useful, and effective for human resources. Representing the most comprehensive information to date on the use of Functional Job Analysis scales for rating job tasks, this book: *addresses the problems of using language to clearly describe how work is performed on the job; *describes the relation between the need to carefully control the language of job analysis and the structure inherent in the Functional Job Analysis Worker Function scales--a conceptual link showing the reader that the key to understanding work is in the vocabulary used to describe work; *contains the most comprehensive treatment of the way to write clear and comprehensive task statements available in the job analysis literature; and *contains a sample task bank for the job of Functional Job Analysts--aiding the reader in understanding how a complete Functional Job Analysis should look.
Benchmark Tasks for Job Analysis: A Guide for Functional Job Analysis (fja) Scales (Applied Psychology Series)
by Sidney A. Fine Maury GetkateHuman resource practitioners are repeatedly faced with the challenge of effectively using language to clearly describe the work performed on a job. Functional Job Analysis--an internationally recognized and respected job analysis method --has been meeting this challenge for more than forty years. In this book, the authors show how human resource practitioners can use structured task statements and comprehensive rating scales to gain the perspective needed to map the domain of any job. In response to the demands of human resource practitioners, the book focuses on the seven scales used in Functional Job Analysis. More than 450 structured tasks were used to illustrate the breadth and scope of all the levels of these scales. These tasks can be used effectively as benchmarks to chart the work requirements of virtually any job. Personnel practitioners will find insights into the challenges of job analysis, as well as the tools needed to make job analysis more comprehensive, useful, and effective for human resources. Representing the most comprehensive information to date on the use of Functional Job Analysis scales for rating job tasks, this book: *addresses the problems of using language to clearly describe how work is performed on the job; *describes the relation between the need to carefully control the language of job analysis and the structure inherent in the Functional Job Analysis Worker Function scales--a conceptual link showing the reader that the key to understanding work is in the vocabulary used to describe work; *contains the most comprehensive treatment of the way to write clear and comprehensive task statements available in the job analysis literature; and *contains a sample task bank for the job of Functional Job Analysts--aiding the reader in understanding how a complete Functional Job Analysis should look.
Benchmarking, Measuring, and Optimizing: Second BenchCouncil International Symposium, Bench 2019, Denver, CO, USA, November 14–16, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12093)
by Wanling Gao Jianfeng Zhan Geoffrey Fox Xiaoyi Lu Dan StanzioneThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Benchmarking, Measuring, and Optimization, Bench 2019, held in Denver, CO, USA, in November 2019. The 20 full papers and 11 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections named: Best Paper Session; AI Challenges on Cambircon using AIBenc; AI Challenges on RISC-V using AIBench; AI Challenges on X86 using AIBench; AI Challenges on 3D Face Recognition using AIBench; Benchmark; AI and Edge; Big Data; Datacenter; Performance Analysis; Scientific Computing.
Bend the Knee or Seize the Throne: Leadership Lessons from the Seven Kingdoms (Exploring Effective Leadership Practices through Popular Culture)
by Nathan Tong Michael J. UrickExploring the extensive world of HBO’s Game of Thrones series to illustrate leadership theories supported by scholarly research, Bend the Knee or Seize the Throne analyzes characters and scenarios from the series to demonstrate and deconstruct different examples of leadership and leader behavior. The expansive fantasy world created by George R. R. Martin provides the perfect backdrop for diverse discussions around various types of leadership, from authoritarian and servant to transactional and charismatic, and different forms of power and influence. How is power used and abused? What are the effects of abuse of power? An examination of ethics and motivation, along with concepts of justice and cultural awareness, feed into a comprehensive dive into manifestations of leadership throughout the Seven Kingdoms. Informing readers from students and aspiring leaders through to experienced leaders, managers, consultants, and educators, this fun and accessible exploration of leadership theories appeals to both practitioners and fans of Game of Thrones. Nathan Tong and Michael J. Urick bridge the gap between academic theories of leadership and familiar characters and situations from a pop-culture phenomenon.
Bend the Knee or Seize the Throne: Leadership Lessons from the Seven Kingdoms (Exploring Effective Leadership Practices through Popular Culture)
by Nathan Tong Michael J. UrickExploring the extensive world of HBO’s Game of Thrones series to illustrate leadership theories supported by scholarly research, Bend the Knee or Seize the Throne analyzes characters and scenarios from the series to demonstrate and deconstruct different examples of leadership and leader behavior. The expansive fantasy world created by George R. R. Martin provides the perfect backdrop for diverse discussions around various types of leadership, from authoritarian and servant to transactional and charismatic, and different forms of power and influence. How is power used and abused? What are the effects of abuse of power? An examination of ethics and motivation, along with concepts of justice and cultural awareness, feed into a comprehensive dive into manifestations of leadership throughout the Seven Kingdoms. Informing readers from students and aspiring leaders through to experienced leaders, managers, consultants, and educators, this fun and accessible exploration of leadership theories appeals to both practitioners and fans of Game of Thrones. Nathan Tong and Michael J. Urick bridge the gap between academic theories of leadership and familiar characters and situations from a pop-culture phenomenon.
Bending the Law of Unintended Consequences: A Test-Drive Method for Critical Decision-Making in Organizations
by Richard M. AdlerThis title provides managers, executives and other professionals with an innovative method for critical decision-making. The book explains the reasons for decision failures using the Law of Unintended Consequences. This account draws on the work of sociologist Robert K. Merton, psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, and economist Herbert Simon to identify two primary causes: cognitive biases and bounded rationality. It introduces an innovative method for “test driving” decisions that addresses both causes by combining scenario planning and “what-if” simulations. This method enables professionals to learn safely from virtual mistakes rather than real ones. It also provides four sample test drives of realistic critical decisions as well as two instructional videos to illustrate this new method. This book provides leaders and their support teams with important new tools for analyzing and refining complex decisions that are critical to organizational well-being and survival.
Beneath the Surface: An Account of Three Styles of Sociological Research (Routledge Revivals)
by Colin FletcherOriginally published in 1974, this book evaluates and compares three important styles of sociological research: positivism, symbolic interactionism and critique. The book describes and evaluates each research technique as an experience for the researcher, and the author explains what they themselves have learned of sociological meaning from engaging in it. The book traces the main ideas through their last generations of sociologists and asks what future there is in a particular method.
Beneath the Surface: An Account of Three Styles of Sociological Research (Routledge Revivals)
by Colin FletcherOriginally published in 1974, this book evaluates and compares three important styles of sociological research: positivism, symbolic interactionism and critique. The book describes and evaluates each research technique as an experience for the researcher, and the author explains what they themselves have learned of sociological meaning from engaging in it. The book traces the main ideas through their last generations of sociologists and asks what future there is in a particular method.