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Class Conflict: The Pursuit and History of American Justice
by Gregory C. LeavittIn a just society the law not only applies to all equally, but also arises from the consent of the people it embraces. As such, justice implies that people have access to governance. A just society provides and guards social and individual rights for all its members. The freedom of speech, therefore, is a right of all, and society has institutionalized processes to guarantee that freedom.Due to the American people's understanding of exclusion and rank, the meaning of justice was fragmented by social status and class. While this book views American justice through a prism of social-class conflict, Gregory C. Leavitt argues that it would be incorrect to portray this perspective as somehow whole. American justice is relative to many cultural groupings and conditions and is thus at the same distance from its encompassing ideal understood by common Americans.Beginning with the late eighteenth century and ending in the late twentieth century, Leavitt traces the history of class conflict and the struggle for justice among Americans. He argues that class struggles remain a significant factor in American social problems, because the American situation grew out of government promises of freedom and liberty to the lower class and the development of a powerful middle class. This is a provocative contribution to the debate over the future of social justice in America.
Class Consciousness Construction of Rural Migrant Children in China: Seeking the Alternative Way Out in Meritocratic Schooling (Routledge Research on Social Work, Social Policy and Social Development in Greater China)
by Jiaxin ChenThe monograph examines the constructive process of class consciousness among rural migrant children in China and how their perceptions of the social reality are shaped within their interactions with the family, community, and school contexts. Using evidence from qualitative investigations conducted in two Beijing primary schools, one public school and one private migrant school, the author explores the nexus of social class structure, schooling process, and consciousness construction of rural migrant children, which helps understand rural migrant children’s perceived way out of their social reproduction loop, foresee the future working-class formation in Chinese society, and seek the possibility of fostering a critical consciousness of China’s new workers via education channels. The book will appeal to researchers and students studying migrant children, migrant workers, and education in China. Those who research underprivileged children from the perspective of student agency/student resistance and through a Freirean lens could also be an audience for this book.
Class Consciousness Construction of Rural Migrant Children in China: Seeking the Alternative Way Out in Meritocratic Schooling (Routledge Research on Social Work, Social Policy and Social Development in Greater China)
by Jiaxin ChenThe monograph examines the constructive process of class consciousness among rural migrant children in China and how their perceptions of the social reality are shaped within their interactions with the family, community, and school contexts. Using evidence from qualitative investigations conducted in two Beijing primary schools, one public school and one private migrant school, the author explores the nexus of social class structure, schooling process, and consciousness construction of rural migrant children, which helps understand rural migrant children’s perceived way out of their social reproduction loop, foresee the future working-class formation in Chinese society, and seek the possibility of fostering a critical consciousness of China’s new workers via education channels. The book will appeal to researchers and students studying migrant children, migrant workers, and education in China. Those who research underprivileged children from the perspective of student agency/student resistance and through a Freirean lens could also be an audience for this book.
CLASS, CONTROL, AND CLASSICAL MUSIC C
by Anna BullWhy is classical music predominantly the preserve of the white middle classes? Contemporary associations between classical music and social class remain underexplored, with classical music primarily studied as a text rather than as a practice until recent years. In order to answer this question, this book outlines a new approach for a socio-cultural analysis of classical music, asking how musical institutions, practices, and aesthetics are shaped by wider conditions of economic inequality, and how music might enable and entrench such inequalities or work against them. This approach is put into practice through a richly detailed ethnography which locates classical music within one of the cultures that produces it - middle-class English youth - and foregrounds classical music as bodily practice of control and restraint. Drawing on the author's own background as a classical musician, this closely observed account examines youth orchestra and youth choir rehearsals as a space where young people learn the unspoken rules of this culture of weighty tradition and gendered control. It highlights how the middle-classes' habitual roles - boundary drawing around their protected spaces and reproducing their privilege through education - can be traced within the everyday spaces of classical music. These practices are camouflaged, however, by the ideology of 'autonomous art' that classical music carries. Rather than solely examining the social relations around the music, the book demonstrates how this reproductive work is facilitated by its very aesthetic, of 'controlled excitement', 'getting it right', precision, and detail. This book is of particular interest at the present moment, thanks to the worldwide proliferation of El Sistema-inspired programmes which teach classical music to children in underserved areas. While such schemes demonstrate a resurgence in defending the value of classical music, there has been a lack of debate over the ways in which its socio-cultural heritage shapes its conventions today. This book locates these contestations within contemporary debates on class, gender and whiteness, making visible what is at stake in such programmes.
Class, Culture and Belonging in Rural Childhoods (Perspectives on Children and Young People #7)
by Rose ButlerThis book explores how rural children negotiate economic insecurity and difference. Based on long-term ethnographic research in rural Australia, it shows that children draw on class-based ideas of moral worth, anchored in racialised and gendered understandings, to negotiate financial hardship and insecurity. Through close observations in the classroom, school yard and the home, and interviews with diverse young people, their parents and teachers, Class, Culture and Belonging in Rural Childhoods takes us deep into children’s everyday struggles and their efforts to manage insecurity and belonging within a polarised economic landscape. This book offers compelling new analysis of children’s experiences at a time of rapid and far-reaching change in rural communities and the world at large. This unique and engaging ethnography of rural Australia makes an important and timely contribution to wider understandings of how children navigate the precarious circumstances of the present.
Class, Culture and Social Change: On the Trail of the Working Class
by J. KirkDrawing on the work of Raymond Williams, Valentin Volosinov and Mikhail Bakhtin, the book examines key issues for working-class studies including: the idea of the 'death' of class; the importance of working-class writing; the significance of place and space for understanding working-class identity; and the centrality of work in working-class lives.
Class, Ethnicity and State in the Polarized Metropolis: Putting Wacquant to Work
by John Flint Ryan PowellLoïc Wacquant is one of the most influential sociological theorists of the contemporary era with his research and writings resonating widely across the social sciences. This edited collection critically responds to Wacquant’s distinct approach to understanding the contemporary urban condition in advanced capitalist societies. It comprises chapters focused on Europe and North America from leading international scholars and new emergent voices, which chart new empirical, theoretical and methodological territory. Pivoting on the relationship between class, ethnicity and the state in the (re-)making of urban marginality, the volume takes stock of Wacquant’s body of work and assesses its value as a springboard for rethinking urban inequality in polarizing times. Heeding Wacquant’s call for constant theoretical critique and development in understanding dynamic urban relations and processes, the contributions challenge, develop and refine Wacquant’s framework, while also synthesizing it with other perspectives and bringing it into dialogue with new areas of inquiry. How can Wacquant’s work aid the empirical understanding of today’s complex urban inequalities? And how can empirical investigation and theoretical synthesis aid the development of Wacquant’s framework? The diverse contributors to the collection ask these, and other, searching questions – and Wacquant responds to this critique in the final chapter. This book will be of interest to scholars engaged in understanding the drivers, contexts, and potential responses to contemporary urban marginality.
Class Formation, Civil Society and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Russia, France, UK and the US
by Michael BurrageRather than a ranking system based on occupational prestige, this book explains social stratification through political events and decisions. Using analyses of Russia, France, the United States and England, Burrage claims that class stems from the habitual relationship between state and civil society and, remarkably, is undermined by free markets.
Class Formation, Social Inequality and the Nagas in North-East India
by Andreas KüchleThis book examines the question of class formation and social inequality within tribal groups in North-East India. Focussing on the Nagas, it analyses and challenges common perceptions about them as a class-less society with a uniform culture. It looks at the previously neglected themes of class formation and structure, division of work, emerging social milieus and cultural differentiation among the Naga youth – and presents fresh arguments about notions of modernity. Providing a theoretical understanding of inequality, this volume will be useful for scholars and researchers of North-East India, tribal studies, exclusion studies, sociology, social anthropology, political studies, development studies, cultural studies and South Asian studies.
Class Formation, Social Inequality and the Nagas in North-East India
by Andreas KüchleThis book examines the question of class formation and social inequality within tribal groups in North-East India. Focussing on the Nagas, it analyses and challenges common perceptions about them as a class-less society with a uniform culture. It looks at the previously neglected themes of class formation and structure, division of work, emerging social milieus and cultural differentiation among the Naga youth – and presents fresh arguments about notions of modernity. Providing a theoretical understanding of inequality, this volume will be useful for scholars and researchers of North-East India, tribal studies, exclusion studies, sociology, social anthropology, political studies, development studies, cultural studies and South Asian studies.
The Class Gap in Protest Participation: The Comparative Case of Central Eastern and Western Europe (Routledge Studies in Political Sociology)
by Viktoriia MuliavkaThe Class Gap in Protest Participation discusses a theoretically grounded empirical analysis of the relationship between class and protest involvement across Central Eastern and Western Europe.In recent decades, mass protests have surged in both frequency and scale, yet there remains a significant variability in citizen involvement in non-electoral politics across Europe. While affluent Western democracies often witness robust civic engagement, countries of Central and Eastern Europe exhibit comparatively limited political participation. This regional gap is particularly pronounced when examining post-socialist workers who show minimal protest activity. Addressing this phenomenon, the book starts from the following question: Why do workers in Central and Eastern Europe demonstrate disproportionately lower rates of protest engagement compared to their Western European counterparts? The study reveals that the answer lies beyond conventional explanations such as legacies of communism. Cross-regional disparities in working-class protest activism are driven by differences in labor protection and left mobilization capacity. These variations stem from the historical context and the economic dependency of post-socialist countries, which create distinct conditions for workers' political engagement in the core and (semi-)periphery.This book will be of interest to political scientists and sociologists, especially researchers interested in political participation, social inequality, and post-socialist transformations.
The Class Gap in Protest Participation: The Comparative Case of Central Eastern and Western Europe (Routledge Studies in Political Sociology)
by Viktoriia MuliavkaThe Class Gap in Protest Participation discusses a theoretically grounded empirical analysis of the relationship between class and protest involvement across Central Eastern and Western Europe.In recent decades, mass protests have surged in both frequency and scale, yet there remains a significant variability in citizen involvement in non-electoral politics across Europe. While affluent Western democracies often witness robust civic engagement, countries of Central and Eastern Europe exhibit comparatively limited political participation. This regional gap is particularly pronounced when examining post-socialist workers who show minimal protest activity. Addressing this phenomenon, the book starts from the following question: Why do workers in Central and Eastern Europe demonstrate disproportionately lower rates of protest engagement compared to their Western European counterparts? The study reveals that the answer lies beyond conventional explanations such as legacies of communism. Cross-regional disparities in working-class protest activism are driven by differences in labor protection and left mobilization capacity. These variations stem from the historical context and the economic dependency of post-socialist countries, which create distinct conditions for workers' political engagement in the core and (semi-)periphery.This book will be of interest to political scientists and sociologists, especially researchers interested in political participation, social inequality, and post-socialist transformations.
Class, Gender and the Family Business
by K. MulhollandIn raising questions about the relationship between gender power, class power and enterprise, this book brings an insightful perspective to the study of family capitalism. Based on a study of enterprise across different sectors, interviews were conducted amongst 70 major business families.
Class in Contemporary Britain
by Kenneth RobertsBritain is one of the most unequal countries in the western world: the richest one per cent own a vast proportion of the wealth, while both the pay gap and spending habits remain incredibly divisive. How do such divisions reflect contemporary ideas of class? In what way does economic life affect individuals and social relationships? What are the implications for society as a whole?This thoroughly revised second edition of Class in Contemporary Britain uses class theory to interrogate and explain patterns and trends in economic inequalities, and to explore their consequences from a sociological view. Addressing and debating timely questions, this new edition:• Assesses different ways of mapping class structures through class schemes • Highlights the continued importance of class in sociological study and analyses contemporary social class divisions• Explores key topics, including social mobility, voting habits and education • Reflects on recent changes and developments in the field, from environmental and technological concerns to shifts in class demographicsThis comprehensive and accessible book disentangles the complex ties between economic, social and political perspectives on class in contemporary Britain. It is essential reading for all social sciences students who are studying class.
Class in Contemporary Britain
by Kenneth RobertsBritain is one of the most unequal countries in the western world: the richest one per cent own a vast proportion of the wealth, while both the pay gap and spending habits remain incredibly divisive. How do such divisions reflect contemporary ideas of class? In what way does economic life affect individuals and social relationships? What are the implications for society as a whole?This thoroughly revised second edition of Class in Contemporary Britain uses class theory to interrogate and explain patterns and trends in economic inequalities, and to explore their consequences from a sociological view. Addressing and debating timely questions, this new edition:- Assesses different ways of mapping class structures through class schemes- Highlights the continued importance of class in sociological study and analyses contemporary social class divisions- Explores key topics, including social mobility, voting habits and education- Reflects on recent changes and developments in the field, from environmental and technological concerns to shifts in class demographicsThis comprehensive and accessible book disentangles the complex ties between economic, social and political perspectives on class in contemporary Britain. It is essential reading for all social sciences students who are studying class.
Class in Culture (Series in Critical Narrative)
by Teresa L. Ebert Mas'Ud Zavarzadeh"A gem of a book. Its topics are timely and provocative for cultural studies, sociology, English, literary theory, and education classes. The authors are brilliant thinkers and clear, penetrating writers." -Peter McLaren, UCLA, author of Capitalists and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire Class in Culture demonstrates the power of moving beyond cultural politics to a deeper class critique of contemporary life. Making a persuasive case for class as the material logic of culture, the book is written in a double register of short critiques of life practices-from food and education to race, stem-cell research, and abortion-as well as sustained critiques of such theoretical discourses as ideology, consumption, globalization, and 9/11. Surpassing the orthodoxies of cultural studies, Class in Culture makes surprising connections among seemingly unrelated cultural events and practices and offers a groundbreaking and complex understanding of the contemporary world.
Class in Culture (Series in Critical Narrative)
by Teresa L. Ebert Mas'Ud Zavarzadeh"A gem of a book. Its topics are timely and provocative for cultural studies, sociology, English, literary theory, and education classes. The authors are brilliant thinkers and clear, penetrating writers." -Peter McLaren, UCLA, author of Capitalists and Conquerors: A Critical Pedagogy Against Empire Class in Culture demonstrates the power of moving beyond cultural politics to a deeper class critique of contemporary life. Making a persuasive case for class as the material logic of culture, the book is written in a double register of short critiques of life practices-from food and education to race, stem-cell research, and abortion-as well as sustained critiques of such theoretical discourses as ideology, consumption, globalization, and 9/11. Surpassing the orthodoxies of cultural studies, Class in Culture makes surprising connections among seemingly unrelated cultural events and practices and offers a groundbreaking and complex understanding of the contemporary world.
Class in the New Millennium: The Structure, Homologies and Experience of the British Social Space (Routledge Advances in Sociology)
by Will AtkinsonClass in the New Millennium paints a fresh and comprehensive picture of social class in Britain today. Anchored in a broad repertoire of methods and pursuing a distinctive theoretical agenda, it not only painstakingly maps the structure, transformation and effects of the UK’s key fault lines but goes behind closed doors to see how they play out in everyday family life. Throughout the book Atkinson throws new light on a diverse array of themes, including: the continued effects of deindustrialisation, educational expansion, feminisation of the workforce and surging employment insecurity; the persistence of lifestyle cleavages despite cultural and technological change; the growth of political disengagement, the transformation of the Labour Party and the rise of nationalism; the entwinement of class with space, place and physical movement; and the way in which class interacts with intimate relations to shape not just the way we decorate our walls or talk over the dining table but the very reproduction of the class structure itself. This innovative title will appeal to scholars as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in the fields of sociology, politics and political science, cultural studies, cultural geography, social policy and social work.
Class in the New Millennium: The Structure, Homologies and Experience of the British Social Space (Routledge Advances in Sociology)
by Will AtkinsonClass in the New Millennium paints a fresh and comprehensive picture of social class in Britain today. Anchored in a broad repertoire of methods and pursuing a distinctive theoretical agenda, it not only painstakingly maps the structure, transformation and effects of the UK’s key fault lines but goes behind closed doors to see how they play out in everyday family life. Throughout the book Atkinson throws new light on a diverse array of themes, including: the continued effects of deindustrialisation, educational expansion, feminisation of the workforce and surging employment insecurity; the persistence of lifestyle cleavages despite cultural and technological change; the growth of political disengagement, the transformation of the Labour Party and the rise of nationalism; the entwinement of class with space, place and physical movement; and the way in which class interacts with intimate relations to shape not just the way we decorate our walls or talk over the dining table but the very reproduction of the class structure itself. This innovative title will appeal to scholars as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in the fields of sociology, politics and political science, cultural studies, cultural geography, social policy and social work.
Class, Individualization and Late Modernity: In Search of the Reflexive Worker (Identity Studies in the Social Sciences)
by W. AtkinsonThis book puts to the test the prominent claim that social class has declined in importance in an era of affluence, choice and the waning of tradition. Arguing against this view, this study vividly uncovers the multiple ways in which class stubbornly persists.
Class Inequality In Austerity Britain: Power, Difference And Suffering
by Will Atkinson Steven Roberts Mike SavageWhen the Coalition Government came to power in 2010 in claimed it would deliver not just austerity, as necessary as that apparently was, but also fairness. This volume subjects this pledge to critical interrogation by exposing the interests behind the policy programme pursued and their damaging effects on class inequalities. Situated within a recognition of the longer-term rise of neoliberal politics, reflections on the status of sociology as a source of critique and current debates over the relationship between the cultural and economic dimensions of social class, the contributors cover an impressively wide range of relevant topics, from education, family policy and community to crime and consumption, shedding new light on the experience of domination in the early 21st Century.
Class Inequality in Austerity Britain: Power, Difference and Suffering
by Will Atkinson, Steven Roberts, Mike SavageWhen the Coalition Government came to power in 2010 in claimed it would deliver not just austerity, as necessary as that apparently was, but also fairness. This volume subjects this pledge to critical interrogation by exposing the interests behind the policy programme pursued and their damaging effects on class inequalities. Situated within a recognition of the longer-term rise of neoliberal politics, reflections on the status of sociology as a source of critique and current debates over the relationship between the cultural and economic dimensions of social class, the contributors cover an impressively wide range of relevant topics, from education, family policy and community to crime and consumption, shedding new light on the experience of domination in the early 21st Century.
Class Inequality In Austerity Britain (PDF)
by Will Atkinson Steven Roberts Mike SavageWhen the Coalition Government came to power in 2010 in claimed it would deliver not just austerity, as necessary as that apparently was, but also fairness. This volume subjects this pledge to critical interrogation by exposing the interests behind the policy programme pursued and their damaging effects on class inequalities. Situated within a recognition of the longer-term rise of neoliberal politics, reflections on the status of sociology as a source of critique and current debates over the relationship between the cultural and economic dimensions of social class, the contributors cover an impressively wide range of relevant topics, from education, family policy and community to crime and consumption, shedding new light on the experience of domination in the early 21st Century.
Class Inequality in the Global City: Migrants, Workers and Cosmopolitanism in Singapore (Global Diversities)
by J. YeIn striving to become cosmopolitan, global cities aim to attract highly-skilled workers while relying on a vast underbelly of low-waged, low status migrants. This book tells the story of one such city, revealing how national development produces both aspirations to be cosmopolitan and to improve one's class standing, along with limitations in achieving such aims. Through the analysis of three different groups of workers in Singapore, Ye shows that cosmopolitanism is an exclusive and aspirational construct created through global and national development strategies, transnational migration and individual senses of identity. This dialectic relationship between class and cosmopolitanism is never free from power and is constituted through material and symbolic conditions, struggles and violence. Class is also constituted through 'the self' and lies at the very heart of different constructions of personhood as they intersect with gender, race, sexuality, ethnicity and nationality.
The Class Matrix: Social Theory after the Cultural Turn
by Vivek ChibberAn influential sociologist revives materialist explanations of class, while accommodating the best of rival cultural theory. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, analysis of class and other basic structures of capitalism was sidelined by theorists who argued that social and economic life is reducible to culture—that our choices reflect interpretations of the world around us rather than the limitations imposed by basic material facts. Today, capitalism is back on the agenda, as gross inequalities in wealth and power have pushed scholars to reopen materialist lines of inquiry. But it would be a mistake to pretend that the cultural turn never happened. Vivek Chibber instead engages cultural theory seriously, proposing a fusion of materialism and the most useful insights of its rival. Chibber shows that it is possible to accommodate the main arguments from the cultural turn within a robust materialist framework: one can agree that the making of meaning plays an important role in social agency, while still recognizing the fundamental power of class structure and class formation. Chibber vindicates classical materialism by demonstrating that it in fact accounts for phenomena cultural theorists thought it was powerless to explain. But he also shows that aspects of class are indeed centrally affected by cultural factors. The Class Matrix does not seek to displace culture from the analysis of modern capitalism. Rather, in prose of exemplary clarity, Chibber gives culture its due alongside what Marx called “the dull compulsion of economic relations.”