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The First Half of the Age of Oil: An Exploration of the Work of Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrère (SpringerBriefs in Energy)
by Charles A. Hall Carlos A. Ramírez-PascualliAccording to the conventional wisdom, we live in a post-industrial information age. This book, however, paints a different picture: We live in the age of oil. Petroleum fuels and feedstocks are responsible for much of what we take for granted in modern society, from chemical products such as fertilizer and plastics, to the energy that moves people and goods in a global economy. Oil is a nearly perfect fuel: Energy dense, safe to store, easy to transport, and mostly environmentally benign. Most importantly, oil has been cheap and abundant during the past 150 years. In 1998, two respected geologists, Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrère, published a detailed article announcing that the “end of cheap oil” would happen before 2010, which meant that the world would face a peak, or at least a plateau, in global daily oil production in the first decade of the new millennium. Today, two billion people under the age of 14 have lived the majority of their lives past the point when this century-long growth in oil supplies came to an end, which also marks the end of the first half of the age of oil. This transition has ushered in a new reality of high oil prices, stagnating oil supplies, and sluggish economies. In this book, a leading authority on energy explores the contributions and continuing legacy of Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrère, the two geologists who modified the terms of the debate about oil. The book provides a unique perspective and state-of-the-art overview of today’s energy reality and its enormous economic and social implications.- Covers a topic that eclipses climate change as the most important but least understood challenge for contemporary society- Explores the works of Colin Campbell and Jean Laherrère, the leading authorities in the field of Peak Oil, authors of “The End of Cheap Oil” (Scientific American, 1998), and founding members of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas- Addresses a broad audience of scientists, engineers, and economists in a format that is accessible to the general public- Provides a complete overview of the basic geological, chemical, physical, economic and historical concepts that every oil consumer should understand- Presents the latest information on oil production, reserves, discoveries, prices, and fields in easy-to-understand graphs and plots
First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Computing: Aicc 2018 (Advances In Intelligent Systems and Computing #815)
by Raju Surampudi Bapi Koppula Srinivas Rao Munaga V. PrasadThis book presents original research works by researchers, engineers and practitioners in the field of artificial intelligence and cognitive computing. The book is divided into two parts, the first of which focuses on artificial intelligence (AI), knowledge representation, planning, learning, scheduling, perception-reactive AI systems, evolutionary computing and other topics related to intelligent systems and computational intelligence. In turn, the second part focuses on cognitive computing, cognitive science and cognitive informatics. It also discusses applications of cognitive computing in medical informatics, structural health monitoring, computational intelligence, intelligent control systems, bio-informatics, smart manufacturing, smart grids, image/video processing, video analytics, medical image and signal processing, and knowledge engineering, as well as related applications.
First International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Computational Intelligence: Proceedings of ICTSCI 2019 (Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing #1045)
by Xiao-Zhi Gao Dharm Singh Ashish Kumar Luhach Janos Arpad Kosa Ramesh Chandra PooniaThis book gathers high-quality papers presented at the First International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Computational Intelligence (ICTSCI 2019), which was organized by Sri Balaji College of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, on March 29–30, 2019. It covers emerging topics in computational intelligence and effective strategies for its implementation in engineering applications.
The First International Lake Ladoga Symposium: Proceedings of the First International Lake Ladoga Symposium: Ecological Problems of Lake Ladoga, St. Petersburg, Russia, 22–26 November 1993 (Developments in Hydrobiology #113)
by Heikki Simola Markku Viljanen Tatyana Slepukhina Raj MurthyLake Ladoga is the largest lake in Europe and, with its surface of 17,891 km2 and volume of 837 km3, it ranks among the top fifteen of the world's freshwater bodies. The ecological condition of Lake Ladoga is of concern to several million people living in its surroundings. There is evidence of water quality degradation and gradual eutrophication of the lake during the past decades; on the other hand, pollution control measures have improved the situation in many of the most polluted sites near industrial effluent sources. The first international Lake Ladoga Symposium was held in St. Petersburg on 22-26 November, 1993. The symposium was attended by 160 scientists, and about half of the papers presented at the symposium have been edited for this book. The contributions are grouped under the following headings: Present state of Lake Ladoga; Hydrodynamics of Lake Ladoga and other large water bodies; Water quality and pollution; Ecological studies of Lake Ladoga biota; History of Lake Ladoga and rates of change in its environment; Research methods for large lakes. Besides providing up-to-date information on the state of the lake, the papers deal with studies of many other large lakes of the cold-temperature zone and the general problems and methods of large lake research. Furthermore, the book is a valuable source of reference to the voluminous Russian limnological literature.
First International Meeting on Microbial Phosphate Solubilization (Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences #102)
by C. Rodriguez-Barrueco E. VelazquezIn 2002, sixty international specialists met to discuss problems of high P-unavailability as a soil nutrient for crops, and the hazards of increased phosphate input to aquatic habitats from industrial and mining activities, sewage disposal, detergents, and other sources. Among the presentations were updated solutions to enhance P-uptake by plants, bioremediation potential in the rehabilitation of ecosystems, taxonomic characterization interactions with mycorrizae, the physiological and molecular basis of PSM, and more.
A First Introduction to the Finite Element Analysis Program MSC Marc/Mentat
by Andreas Öchsner Marco ÖchsnerThis book offers a brief introduction to the general-purpose finite element program MSC Marc, focusing on providing simple examples, often single-element problems, which can easily be related to the theory that is discussed in finite element lectures. As such, it is an ideal companion book to classical introductory courses on the finite element method. MSC Marc is a specialized program for non-linear problems (implicit solver), which is distributed by the MSC Software Corporation and commonly used in academia and industry. The documentation of all finite element programs now includes a variety of step-by-step examples of differing complexity, and all software companies offer professional workshops on different topics. Since the first edition of the book, there have been several new releases of Marc/Mentat and numerous changes. This new edition incorporates the latest Marc/Mentat software developments and new examples.
The First of Everything: A History of Human Invention, Innovation and Discovery
by Stewart RossA lively and highly readable account of the origins, invention and discovery of just about everything on the planet, the truly global coverage of The First of Everything ranges from the Big Bang to driverless cars.The First of Everything follows a context-setting introduction with seven stimulating sections: In the Beginning (The Big Bang to Homo Sapiens), At Home (the first glass windows to dentures and bikinis); Health and Medicine (herbs to heart transplants); Getting About (donkeys to double deckers); Science and Engineering (potter’s wheel to webcam); Peace and War (the first king to fighter-bombers); and Culture (cave painting to rap). This fascinating book takes in the full sweep of human development and ingenuity over twelve millennia; Africa, for example, gave us the first monarch, algebra and great religions emerged from the Middle East, democracy was born in Europe, and America made the first flying machines. More than just a string of dry lists, the colourful text’s intriguing insights and asides make it as enjoyable for the casual browser as the more serious researcher.
First Order Phase Transitions of Magnetic Materials: Broad and Interrupted Transitions
by Praveen ChaddahThis book introduces new concepts in the phenomenon of 1st order phase transitions. It discusses the concept of kinetic arrest at a certain temperature, with this temperature being dependent on the second control variable (magnetic field, or pressure). It discusses interesting manifestations of this phenomenon when the 1st order transition is broadened, i.e. occurs over a finite range of temperatures. Many examples of this phenomenon, observed recently in many materials, will also be discussed.
First Order Phase Transitions of Magnetic Materials: Broad and Interrupted Transitions
by Praveen ChaddahThis book introduces new concepts in the phenomenon of 1st order phase transitions. It discusses the concept of kinetic arrest at a certain temperature, with this temperature being dependent on the second control variable (magnetic field, or pressure). It discusses interesting manifestations of this phenomenon when the 1st order transition is broadened, i.e. occurs over a finite range of temperatures. Many examples of this phenomenon, observed recently in many materials, will also be discussed.
First-order Representations of Linear Systems (Systems & Control: Foundations & Applications)
by Margreet KuijperThis book is about the theory of system representations. The systems that are considered are linear, time-invariant, deterministic and finite dimensional. The observation that some representations are more suitable for handling a particular problem than others motivates the study of rep resentations. In modeling a system, a representation often arises naturally from certain laws that underlie the system. In its most general form the representation then consists of dynamical equations for the system compo nents and of constraint equations reflecting the connection between these components. Depending on the particular problem that is to be inves tigated, it will sometimes be useful to rewrite the equations, that is, to transform the representation. For this reason it is of special importance to derive transformations that enable one to switch from one representation to another. A new approach of the past decade has been the so-called "behavioral ap proach" introduced by Willems. One of the main features of the behavioral approach is that it is well suited for modeling the interconnection of sys tems. It is for this reason that the behavioral approach is a natural choice in the context of modeling. In this book we adopt the behavioral approach: we define a system as a "behavior" , that is, a set of trajectories whose math ematical representation by means of differential or difference equations is nonunique. An aspect of this approach that is important in the context of representation theory is the fact that a natural type of equivalence arises.
The First Outstanding 50 Years of “Università Politecnica delle Marche”: Research Achievements in Physical Sciences and Engineering
by Sauro Longhi Andrea Monteriù Alessandro Freddi Emanuele Frontoni Michele Germani Gian Marco RevelThe book describes the significant multidisciplinary research findings at the Università Politecnica delle Marche and the expected future advances. It addresses some of the most dramatic challenges posed by today’s fast-growing, global society and the changes it has caused. It also discusses solutions to improve the wellbeing of human beings. The book covers the main research achievements in the different disciplines of the physical sciences and engineering, as well as several research lines developed at the university’s Faculty of Engineering in the fields of electronic and information engineering, telecommunications, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, manufacturing technologies, energy, advanced materials, chemistry, physics of matter, mathematical sciences, geotechnical engineering, circular economy, urban planning, construction engineering, infrastructures and environment protection, technologies and digitization of the built environment and cultural heritage. It highlights the international relevance and multidisciplinarity of research at the university as well as the planned research lines for the next years.
First Principles Approaches to Spectroscopic Properties of Complex Materials (Topics in Current Chemistry #347)
by Cristiana Valentin Silvana Botti Matteo CococcioniThe series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students.
First Principles Modelling of Shape Memory Alloys: Molecular Dynamics Simulations (Springer Series in Materials Science #163)
by Oliver KastnerMaterials sciences relate the macroscopic properties of materials to their microscopic structure and postulate the need for holistic multiscale research. The investigation of shape memory alloys is a prime example in this regard. This particular class of materials exhibits strong coupling of temperature, strain and stress, determined by solid state phase transformations of their metallic lattices. The present book presents a collection of simulation studies of this behaviour. Employing conceptually simple but comprehensive models, the fundamental material properties of shape memory alloys are qualitatively explained from first principles. Using contemporary methods of molecular dynamics simulation experiments, it is shown how microscale dynamics may produce characteristic macroscopic material properties. The work is rooted in the materials sciences of shape memory alloys and covers thermodynamical, micro-mechanical and crystallographical aspects. It addresses scientists in these research fields and their students.
First Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents
by Charles R. Foden Jack L. WeddellFirst Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents provides emergency safety and health information for 452 toxic and hazardous products. These products, frequently used by pest exterminators and farmers, include those insecticides, pesticides, rodenticides, herbicides, and fertilizers commonly transported on highways and by rail carriers. The book lists products alphabetically and includes the manufacturer and telephone number, chemical identification, physical properties, hazard ratings, neutralizing agents (when known), fire fighting agents, special warnings, evacuation distances, protective clothing, health hazard information, and emergency first aid for exposure. This important information allows any First Responder to establish a safe plan of action without having to reference the library of chemical books normally carried by a Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Team (HERT).First Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents is an essential reference that provides critical hazardous materials data for personnel at fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and emergency medical agencies. The book will also be useful for business or individuals that store, sell, or use agricultural chemicals.
First Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents
by Charles R. Foden Jack L. WeddellFirst Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents provides emergency safety and health information for 452 toxic and hazardous products. These products, frequently used by pest exterminators and farmers, include those insecticides, pesticides, rodenticides, herbicides, and fertilizers commonly transported on highways and by rail carriers. The book lists products alphabetically and includes the manufacturer and telephone number, chemical identification, physical properties, hazard ratings, neutralizing agents (when known), fire fighting agents, special warnings, evacuation distances, protective clothing, health hazard information, and emergency first aid for exposure. This important information allows any First Responder to establish a safe plan of action without having to reference the library of chemical books normally carried by a Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Team (HERT).First Responder's Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents is an essential reference that provides critical hazardous materials data for personnel at fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and emergency medical agencies. The book will also be useful for business or individuals that store, sell, or use agricultural chemicals.
First Responders Handbook: An Introduction, Second Edition
by Michael L. MadiganThe objective of this handbook is to make available in a quick reference form, the information to enhance and support the response capabilities of firefighters, emergency medical technicians, hazardous materials response teams, law enforcement officers, bomb squads, medical doctors and nurses, emergency managers, schools, and others. This handbook is dedicated and committed to disaster prevention, preparedness, readiness, response, mitigation and recovery efforts. This is an ideal book for newcomers to the field, and can be used for fast knowledge for application to any areas of response.
First Responders Handbook: An Introduction, Second Edition
by Michael L. MadiganThe objective of this handbook is to make available in a quick reference form, the information to enhance and support the response capabilities of firefighters, emergency medical technicians, hazardous materials response teams, law enforcement officers, bomb squads, medical doctors and nurses, emergency managers, schools, and others. This handbook is dedicated and committed to disaster prevention, preparedness, readiness, response, mitigation and recovery efforts. This is an ideal book for newcomers to the field, and can be used for fast knowledge for application to any areas of response.
First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication – Digital Concrete 2018 (RILEM Bookseries #19)
by Timothy Wangler Robert J. FlattDigital fabrication has been termed the “third industrial revolution”, and is promising to revolutionize many disciplines, including most recently the construction sector. Both academia and industry see immense promise in cementitious materials, which lend themselves well to additive manufacturing techniques for digital fabrication in construction. With this recent trend and high interest in this new research field, the 1st RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication (Digital Concrete 2018) was organized. Since 2014, ETH Zurich has been host for the Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research (NCCR) for Digital Fabrication in Architecture, which is highly interdisciplinary and unique worldwide. In 2018, this NCCR opened the “DFAB House”, which incorporates many digital fabrication principles for architecture. It is also responsible for the 600 m2 Robotic Fabrication Lab and the first robotically built roof in the world. Held in tandem with Rob|Arch 2018, the leading conference for robotics in architecture, RILEM deemed it the right time to combine forces at this new conference, which will be the first large conference to feature the work of the recently created RILEM Technical Committee on Digital Fabrication with Cement-based Materials, among other leaders in this new field worldwide. This conference proceedings brings together papers that take into account the findings in this new area. Papers reflect the varying themes of the conference, including Materials, Processing, Structure, and Applications.
The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives and Legacies (Springer Praxis Books)
by Colin Burgess Rex HallThe First Soviet Cosmonaut Team will relate who these men were and offer far more extensive background stories, in addition to those of the more familiar names of early Soviet space explorers from that group. Many previously-unpublished photographs of these “missing” candidates will also be included for the first time in this book. It will be a detailed, but highly readable and balanced account of the history, training and experiences of the first group of twenty cosmonauts of the USSR. A covert recruitment and selection process was set in motion throughout the Soviet military in August 1959, just prior to the naming of America’s Mercury astronauts. Those selected were ordered to report for training at a special camp outside of Moscow in the spring of 1960. Just a year later, Senior Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Air Force (promoted in flight to the rank of major) was launched aboard a Vostok spacecraft and became the first person ever to achieve space flight and orbit the Earth.
First-stage LISA Data Processing and Gravitational Wave Data Analysis: Ultraprecise Inter-satellite Laser Ranging, Clock Synchronization and Novel Gravitational Wave Data Analysis Algorithms (Springer Theses)
by Yan WangThis thesis covers a diverse set of topics related to space-based gravitational wave detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The core of the thesis is devoted to the preprocessing of the interferometric link data for a LISA constellation, specifically developing optimal Kalman filters to reduce arm length noise due to clock noise. The approach is to apply Kalman filters of increasing complexity to make optimal estimates of relevant quantities such as constellation arm length, relative clock drift, and Doppler frequencies based on the available measurement data. Depending on the complexity of the filter and the simulated data, these Kalman filter estimates can provide up to a few orders of magnitude improvement over simpler estimators. While the basic concept of the LISA measurement (Time Delay Interferometry) was worked out some time ago, this work brings a level of rigor to the processing of the constellation-level data products. The thesis concludes with some topics related to the eLISA such as a new class of phenomenological waveforms for extreme mass-ratio inspiral sources (EMRIs, one of the main source for eLISA), an octahedral space-based GW detector that does not require drag-free test masses, and some efficient template-search algorithms for the case of relatively high SNR signals.
First to File: Patents for Today's Scientist and Engineer
by M. Henry HeinesBridges the gap between the realistic needs and questions of scientists and engineers and the legal skills of professionals in the patent field at a level accessible to those with no legal training • Written for inventors in lay terms that they can relate to or easily follow • Lays out the new features of patent law introduced by the America Invents Act of 2012 • Explains the differences between the first-to-invent and first-to-file rules and why the two rules will coexist • Focuses on the growth of new technologies in industry versus the laws protecting them
First to File: Patents for Today's Scientist and Engineer
by M. Henry HeinesBridges the gap between the realistic needs and questions of scientists and engineers and the legal skills of professionals in the patent field at a level accessible to those with no legal training • Written for inventors in lay terms that they can relate to or easily follow • Lays out the new features of patent law introduced by the America Invents Act of 2012 • Explains the differences between the first-to-invent and first-to-file rules and why the two rules will coexist • Focuses on the growth of new technologies in industry versus the laws protecting them
First-Trimester Ultrasound: A Comprehensive Guide
by Jacques S. Abramowicz Ryan E. LongmanThis second edition offers a unique and focused study of the use of ultrasound during the first trimester, a critical time in a fetus’ development. It includes basic examination guidelines as well as cutting-edge ultrasound modalities, including Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound, for the period immediately preceding conception through early embryology. Fully updated, the text begins with a discussion of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic ultrasound and the use of this modality for the evaluation and treatment of infertility. Recognized experts in the field then explore conditions that may interfere with normal conception or development, including maternal diseases that would benefit from early scanning, elements of teratology, multiple gestations, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease, fetal anomalies and invasive procedures in the first trimester. This edition includes seven new chapters focusing on the imaging of fetal development, including chapters on the first trimester fetal brain, genitourinary tract, and diagnosis of fetal genetic syndromes. Numerous illustrations, figures, and online videos serve as aides for understanding key concepts. First-Trimester Ultrasound, 2e is a valuable resource for many, in or after training, in obstetrics and gynecology, radiology, emergency medicine, family medicine and genetics.
The First World War: An Illustrated History
by John KeeganThe First World War created the modern world.It destroyed a century of relative peace and prosperity and saw a continent at the height of its success descend into slaughter.It unleashed both the demons of the twentieth century - political hatred, military destruction and mass death - and the ideas which continue to shape our world today: mdoernism in the arts, new approaches to psychology and medecine, and radical ideas about economics and society.John Keegan's definitive account unforgettably portrays the unfolding military conflict on land, sea and in the air. But at its heart, too, is the terrible cost of this conflict's ferocity - the loss which remains personal and individual despite its unparalleled scale.
First Year Technician Mathematics: For Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications (PDF)
by Rhys LewisFirst Year Technician Mathematics For Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications