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Functional Polymers: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
by Raja ShunmugamThis new book covers the synthetic as well application aspects of functional polymers. It highlights modern trends in the field and showcases the recent characterization techniques that are being employed in the field of polymer science. The chapters are written by top-notch scientists who are internationally recognized in the field. The chapters will highlight the modern trend in the field.
Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials for Emerging Membrane Applications (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by G. Arthanareeswaran Pei Sean Goh S. A. Gokula KrishnanThis book provides an overview of the development and selection of functional polymers and nanomaterials for membrane development and their applications. It covers the definition, classification, and preparation of various functional polymers and nanocomposites, and highlights potential applications of functional polymers and nanomaterials in membrane technology. Details the selection of structural and functional materials, as well as material synthesis, modification, and characterization techniques Describes emerging applications of functional materials in wastewater treatment, desalination, energy, and bioremediation Includes numerous industrial case studies, practical examples and questions, providing a comprehensive introduction to the topic Discusses industrial potential, implementation, and limitations By combining aspects of both science and technology, this book serves as a useful resource for scientists and engineers working on membrane applications of materials.
Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials for Emerging Membrane Applications (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by G. Arthanareeswaran Pei Sean Goh S. A. Gokula KrishnanThis book provides an overview of the development and selection of functional polymers and nanomaterials for membrane development and their applications. It covers the definition, classification, and preparation of various functional polymers and nanocomposites, and highlights potential applications of functional polymers and nanomaterials in membrane technology. Details the selection of structural and functional materials, as well as material synthesis, modification, and characterization techniques Describes emerging applications of functional materials in wastewater treatment, desalination, energy, and bioremediation Includes numerous industrial case studies, practical examples and questions, providing a comprehensive introduction to the topic Discusses industrial potential, implementation, and limitations By combining aspects of both science and technology, this book serves as a useful resource for scientists and engineers working on membrane applications of materials.
Functional Polymers by Post-Polymerization Modification: Concepts, Guidelines and Applications
by Patrick Theato Harm-Anton KlokIn modern polymer science a variety of polymerization methods for the direct synthesis of polymers bearing functional groups are known. However, there is still a large number of functional groups that may either completely prevent polymerization or lead to side reactions. Post-polymerization modification, also known as polymer-analogous modification, is an alternative approach to overcome these limitations. It is based on the polymerization of monomers with functional groups that are inert towards the polymerization conditions but allow a quantitative conversion in a subsequent reaction step yielding a broad range of other functional groups. Thus, diverse libraries of functional polymers with identical average degrees of polymerization but variable side chain functionality may easily be generated.Filling the gap for a book dealing with synthetic strategies and recent developments, this volume provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the field of post-polymerization modification. As such, the international team of expert authors covers a wide range of topics, including new synthetic techniques utilizing different reactive groups for post-polymerization modifications with examples ranging from modification of biomimetic and biological polymers to modification of surfaces. With its guidelines this is an indispensable and interdisciplinary reference for scientists working in both academic and industrial polymer research.
Functional Polymers by Post-Polymerization Modification: Concepts, Guidelines and Applications
by Patrick Theato Harm-Anton KlokIn modern polymer science a variety of polymerization methods for the direct synthesis of polymers bearing functional groups are known. However, there is still a large number of functional groups that may either completely prevent polymerization or lead to side reactions. Post-polymerization modification, also known as polymer-analogous modification, is an alternative approach to overcome these limitations. It is based on the polymerization of monomers with functional groups that are inert towards the polymerization conditions but allow a quantitative conversion in a subsequent reaction step yielding a broad range of other functional groups. Thus, diverse libraries of functional polymers with identical average degrees of polymerization but variable side chain functionality may easily be generated.Filling the gap for a book dealing with synthetic strategies and recent developments, this volume provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the field of post-polymerization modification. As such, the international team of expert authors covers a wide range of topics, including new synthetic techniques utilizing different reactive groups for post-polymerization modifications with examples ranging from modification of biomimetic and biological polymers to modification of surfaces. With its guidelines this is an indispensable and interdisciplinary reference for scientists working in both academic and industrial polymer research.
Functional Polymers for Metal-ion Batteries
by Shanqing ZhangFunctional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries Unique and useful book covering fundamental knowledge and practical applications of polymer materials in energy storage systems In Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries, the recent development and achievements of polymer-based materials are comprehensively analyzed in four directions, including electrode materials, binders, separators, and solid electrolytes, highlighting the working mechanisms, classification, design strategies, and practical applications of these polymer materials in mental-ion batteries. Specific sample topics covered in Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries include: Prominent advantages of various solid-state electrolytes, such as low flammability, easy processability, more tolerance to vibration, shock, and mechanical deformation Why and how functional polymers present opportunities to maximize energy density and pursue the sustainability of the battery industry How the application of functional polymers in metal-ion batteries helps enhance the high energy density of energy storage devices and reduce carbon footprint during production How development of functional separators could significantly lower the cost of battery manufacturing Providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of polymers in the whole configuration of metal-ion batteries from electrodes to electrolytes, Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries is an ideal resource for materials scientists, electrochemists, and polymer, solid state, and physical chemists who wish to understand the latest developments of this technology.
Functional Polymers for Metal-ion Batteries
by Shanqing Zhang Jun LuFunctional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries Unique and useful book covering fundamental knowledge and practical applications of polymer materials in energy storage systems In Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries, the recent development and achievements of polymer-based materials are comprehensively analyzed in four directions, including electrode materials, binders, separators, and solid electrolytes, highlighting the working mechanisms, classification, design strategies, and practical applications of these polymer materials in mental-ion batteries. Specific sample topics covered in Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries include: Prominent advantages of various solid-state electrolytes, such as low flammability, easy processability, more tolerance to vibration, shock, and mechanical deformation Why and how functional polymers present opportunities to maximize energy density and pursue the sustainability of the battery industry How the application of functional polymers in metal-ion batteries helps enhance the high energy density of energy storage devices and reduce carbon footprint during production How development of functional separators could significantly lower the cost of battery manufacturing Providing a comprehensive understanding of the role of polymers in the whole configuration of metal-ion batteries from electrodes to electrolytes, Functional Polymers for Metal-Ion Batteries is an ideal resource for materials scientists, electrochemists, and polymer, solid state, and physical chemists who wish to understand the latest developments of this technology.
Functional Polymers in Food Science: From Technology to Biology, Volume 2: Food Processing (Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering)
by Giuseppe Cirillo Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri Francesca IemmaPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the “atomic composition” of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field, because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and hypertension. This second volume focuses on the importance of polymers and functional food and in food processing
Functional Polymers in Food Science: From Technology to Biology, Volume 1: Food Packaging (Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering)
by Giuseppe Cirillo Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri Francesca IemmaPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the "atomic composition" of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field, because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and hypertension. This first volume, of this two volume book, concerns the application of polymers in food packaging.
Functional Polymers in Food Science: From Technology to Biology, Volume 2: Food Processing (Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering)
by Giuseppe Cirillo Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri Francesca IemmaPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the “atomic composition” of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field, because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and hypertension. This second volume focuses on the importance of polymers and functional food and in food processing
Functional Polymers in Food Science: From Technology to Biology, Volume 1: Food Packaging (Polymer Science and Plastics Engineering)
by Giuseppe Cirillo Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri Francesca IemmaPolymers are an important part in everyday life; products made from polymers range from sophisticated articles, such as biomaterials, to aerospace materials. One of the reasons for the great popularity exhibited by polymers is their ease of processing. Polymer properties can be tailored to meet specific needs by varying the "atomic composition" of the repeat structure, by varying molecular weight and by the incorporation (via covalent and non-covalent interactions) of an enormous range of compounds to impart specific activities. In food science, the use of polymeric materials is widely explored, from both an engineering and a nutraceutical point of view. Regarding the engineering application, researchers have discovered the most suitable materials for intelligent packaging which preserves the food quality and prolongs the shelf-life of the products. Furthermore, in agriculture, specific functionalized polymers are used to increase the efficiency of treatments and reduce the environmental pollution. In the nutraceutical field, because consumers are increasingly conscious of the relationship between diet and health, the consumption of high quality foods has been growing continuously. Different compounds (e.g. high quality proteins, lipids and polysaccharides) are well known to contribute to the enhancement of human health by different mechanisms, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, and hypertension. This first volume, of this two volume book, concerns the application of polymers in food packaging.
Functional Processing of Delta-Sigma Bit-Stream
by Djuro G. ZrilicThis book discusses non-conventional digital signal processing based on direct processing of delta-sigma modulated bit-stream. The main attributes of low-pass delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters are: simple and inexpensive design, robustness of design to component tolerances, low-power consumption, high input impedance, high resolution (more than 20 bits) and possibility of direct arithmetic operation on its bit-stream. The author presents a number of theoretical and simulation results related to newly proposed linear and non-linear circuits such as delta-sigma adders, delta-sigma rectifiers, delta-sigma RMS and AGC circuits, delta-sigma frequency deviation meters, etc. The proposed circuits are not application limited and can be used in instrumentation, sensor application, bio-medical application, communications, etc.Presents novel linear and nonlinear circuits for direct processing of delta-sigma modulated bit-stream;The proposed circuits are supported by theoretical and simulation results;Recommends potential applications of the proposed circuits, and proposes ideas for further investigation.
Functional Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials and Biomolecules (Engineering Materials)
by Felipe A. La Porta Carlton A. TaftThis book shows how a small toolbox of experimental techniques, physical chemistry concepts as well as quantum/classical mechanics and statistical methods can be used to understand, explain and even predict extraordinary applications of these advanced engineering materials and biomolecules. It highlights how improving the material foresight by design, including the fundamental understanding of their physical and chemical properties, can provide new technological levels in the future.
Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials (NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry #223)
by Rainer Kassing Plamen Petkov Wilhelm Kulisch Cyril PopovThis book, based on the lectures and contributions of the NATO ASI on "Functional Properties of Nanostructured Materials", gives a broad overview on its topic, as it combines basic theoretical articles, papers dealing with experimental techniques, and contributions on advanced and up-to-date applications in fields such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, electrochemistry, sensorics, and biotechnology.
Functional Properties of Traditional Foods (Integrating Food Science and Engineering Knowledge Into the Food Chain #12)
by Kristberg Kristbergsson Semih ÖtlesThis third book in the Trilogy of Traditional Foods, part of the ISEKI Food Series, covers the beneficial properties of functional foods from across the world. The volume is divided into four sections that address different key topics in the area of study.Part I provides a general overview of the material, with chapters on functional aspects of antioxidants and probiotics in traditional food. This section also includes chapters on the potential health benefits of Thai, Slovak and Turkish traditional foods. Part II contains eight chapters on cereal-based foods, including chapters on Carob flour, products from Mexican Chia, and the ancient grain Cañahua. Part III is devoted to plant based foods and includes chapters on dates from Israel, medical properties of cactus products from Mexico, beneficial properties of Mastic gum from the Greek island Chios, and the properties of Argan oil from Morocco. Part IV focuses on Honey and Beverages, with chapters on functional and nutritional properties of honey and the properties of Camellia tea, as well as the Spanish drink Horchata De Chufa.The purpose of the book is to describe and sometimes evaluate properties of foods that native consumers have believed to be beneficial. All chaptersare written by practicing Food Scientists or Engineers but are written with the interested general public in mind.The book should cater to the practicing food professional as well as all who are interested in beneficial properties of traditional foods.
Functional Reverse Engineering of Machine Tools (Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing)
by Wasim Ahmed Khan Ghulam Abbas Khalid Rahman Ghulam Hussain Cedric Aimal EdwinThe purpose of this book is to develop capacity building in strategic and non-strategic machine tool technology. The book contains chapters on how to functionally reverse engineer strategic and non-strategic computer numerical control machinery. Numerous engineering areas, such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, control engineering, and computer hardware and software engineering, are covered. The book offers guidelines and covers design for machine tools, prototyping, augmented reality for machine tools, modern communication strategies, and enterprises of functional reverse engineering, along with case studies. Features Presents capacity building in machine tool development Discusses engineering design for machine tools Covers prototyping of strategic and non-strategic machine tools Illustrates augmented reality for machine tools Includes Internet of Things (IoT) for machine tools
Functional Reverse Engineering of Machine Tools (Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing)
by Wasim Ahmed Khan Ghulam Abbas Khalid Rahman Ghulam Hussain Cedric Aimal EdwinThe purpose of this book is to develop capacity building in strategic and non-strategic machine tool technology. The book contains chapters on how to functionally reverse engineer strategic and non-strategic computer numerical control machinery. Numerous engineering areas, such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, control engineering, and computer hardware and software engineering, are covered. The book offers guidelines and covers design for machine tools, prototyping, augmented reality for machine tools, modern communication strategies, and enterprises of functional reverse engineering, along with case studies. Features Presents capacity building in machine tool development Discusses engineering design for machine tools Covers prototyping of strategic and non-strategic machine tools Illustrates augmented reality for machine tools Includes Internet of Things (IoT) for machine tools
Functional Reverse Engineering of Strategic and Non-Strategic Machine Tools (Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing)
by Wasim Ahmed Khan Ghulam Abbas Khalid Rahman Ghulam HussainThis book describes capacity building in strategic and non-strategic machine tool technology. It includes machine building in sectors such as machine tools, automobiles, home appliances, energy, and biomedical engineering, along with case studies. The book offers guidelines for capacity building in academia, covering how to promote enterprises of functional reverse engineering enterprises. It also discusses machine tool development, engineering design, prototyping of strategic, and non-strategies machine tools, as well as presenting communication strategies and IoT, along with case studies. Professionals from the CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machine tools industry, industrial and manufacturing engineers, and students and faculty in engineering disciplines will find interest in this book.
Functional Reverse Engineering of Strategic and Non-Strategic Machine Tools (Computers in Engineering Design and Manufacturing)
by Wasim Ahmed Khan Ghulam Abbas Khalid Rahman Ghulam HussainThis book describes capacity building in strategic and non-strategic machine tool technology. It includes machine building in sectors such as machine tools, automobiles, home appliances, energy, and biomedical engineering, along with case studies. The book offers guidelines for capacity building in academia, covering how to promote enterprises of functional reverse engineering enterprises. It also discusses machine tool development, engineering design, prototyping of strategic, and non-strategies machine tools, as well as presenting communication strategies and IoT, along with case studies. Professionals from the CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machine tools industry, industrial and manufacturing engineers, and students and faculty in engineering disciplines will find interest in this book.
Functional Safety and Proof of Compliance
by Thor Myklebust Tor StålhaneThis book aims to facilitate and improve development work related to all documents and information required by functional safety standards. Proof of Compliance (PoC) is important for the assessor and certification bodies when called up to confirm that the manufacturer has developed a software system according to the required safety standards. While PoC documents add functionality to the product neither for the developer nor for the customer, they do add confidence and trust to the product and ease certification, and as such are important for the product’s value. In spite of this added value, the documentation needed for PoC is often developed late in the project and in a haphazard manner. This book aims at developers, assessors, certification bodies, and purchasers of safety instrumented systems and informs the reader about the most important PoC documents. A typical PoC documentation encompasses 50 to 200 documents, several of which are named in the safety standards (e.g., 82 documents in IEC 61508:2010 series, 101 documents in EN 5012X series and 106 work products in ISO 26262:2018 series). These documents also include further references, typically one to twenty of them, and the total number of pages developed by the manufacturer varies between 2000 and 10000 pages. The book provides guidance and examples what to include in the relevant plans and documents.
Functional Safety for Embedded Systems
by Guoqi Xie Yawen Zhang Renfa Li Kenli Li Keqin LiThis book uses automotive embedded systems as an example to introduce functional safety assurance and safety-aware cost optimization. The book explores functional safety assurance from the perspectives of verification, enhancement, and validation. The functional safety assurance methods implement a safe and efficient assurance system that integrates safety verification, enhancement, and validation. The assurance methods offered in this book could provide a reasonable and scientific theoretical basis for the subsequent formulation of automotive functional safety standards. The safety-aware cost optimization methods divide cost types according to the essential differences of various costs in system design and establish reasonable models based on different costs. The cost optimization methods provided in this book could give appropriate cost optimization solutions for the cost-sensitive automotive industry, thereby achieving effective cost management and control. Functional safety assurance methods and safety-aware cost optimization support each other and jointly build the architecture of functional safety design methodologies for automotive embedded systems. The work aspires to provide a relevant reference for students, researchers, engineers, and professionals working in this area or those interested in hardware cost optimization and development cost optimization design methods based on ensuring functional safety in general.
Functional Safety for Embedded Systems
by Guoqi Xie Yawen Zhang Renfa Li Kenli Li Keqin LiThis book uses automotive embedded systems as an example to introduce functional safety assurance and safety-aware cost optimization. The book explores functional safety assurance from the perspectives of verification, enhancement, and validation. The functional safety assurance methods implement a safe and efficient assurance system that integrates safety verification, enhancement, and validation. The assurance methods offered in this book could provide a reasonable and scientific theoretical basis for the subsequent formulation of automotive functional safety standards. The safety-aware cost optimization methods divide cost types according to the essential differences of various costs in system design and establish reasonable models based on different costs. The cost optimization methods provided in this book could give appropriate cost optimization solutions for the cost-sensitive automotive industry, thereby achieving effective cost management and control. Functional safety assurance methods and safety-aware cost optimization support each other and jointly build the architecture of functional safety design methodologies for automotive embedded systems. The work aspires to provide a relevant reference for students, researchers, engineers, and professionals working in this area or those interested in hardware cost optimization and development cost optimization design methods based on ensuring functional safety in general.
Functional Safety for Road Vehicles: New Challenges and Solutions for E-mobility and Automated Driving
by Hans-Leo RossThis book highlights the current challenges for engineers involved in product development and the associated changes in procedure they make necessary. Methods for systematically analyzing the requirements for safety and security mechanisms are described using examples of how they are implemented in software and hardware, and how their effectiveness can be demonstrated in terms of functional and design safety are discussed.Given today’s new E-mobility and automated driving approaches, new challenges are arising and further issues concerning “Road Vehicle Safety” and “Road Traffic Safety” have to be resolved. To address the growing complexity of vehicle functions, as well as the increasing need to accommodate interdisciplinary project teams, previous development approaches now have to be reconsidered, and system engineering approaches and proven management systems need to be supplemented or wholly redefined.The book presents a continuous system development process, starting with the basic requirements of quality management and continuing until the release of a vehicle and its components for road use. Attention is paid to the necessary definition of the respective development item, the threat-, hazard- and risk analysis, safety concepts and their relation to architecture development, while the book also addresses the aspects of product realization in mechanics, electronics and software as well as for subsequent testing, verification, integration and validation phases.In November 2011, requirements for the Functional Safety (FuSa) of road vehicles were first published in ISO 26262. The processes and methods described here are intended to show developers how vehicle systems can be implemented according to ISO 26262, so that their compliance with the relevant standards can be demonstrated as part of a safety case, including audits, reviews and assessments.
Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061
by Marco TacchiniFUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF MACHINERY Enables readers to understand ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 standards and provides a practical approach to functional safety in machinery design Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 introduces functional safety of machinery as a single unified approach, despite the existence of two standards. Aligning with the latest updates of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, the book explains the intent behind the standards and the mathematical basis on which they are written, details the differences between the two standards, and prescribes ways to put them into practice. To aid in seamless reader comprehension, detailed examples are included throughout the book which walk readers through concepts like Random and Systematic Failures, High and Low demand mode of operation, Diagnostic Coverage, and Safe Failure Fraction. Other sample topics covered within the book include: Basics of reliability engineering and functional safety Roles of the standards in the design and evaluation of safety functions Description of the Main Parameters used in the two standards How to deal with Low Demand Safety Systems The Categories of ISO 13849-1 and the Basic Subsystem Architectures of IEC 62061 How Categories and Architectures can be validated Machinery design engineers, machinery manufacturers, and professionals in system and industrial safety fields can use this book as a one-stop resource to understand the specifics and applications of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061.
Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061
by Marco TacchiniFUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF MACHINERY Enables readers to understand ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 standards and provides a practical approach to functional safety in machinery design Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 introduces functional safety of machinery as a single unified approach, despite the existence of two standards. Aligning with the latest updates of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, the book explains the intent behind the standards and the mathematical basis on which they are written, details the differences between the two standards, and prescribes ways to put them into practice. To aid in seamless reader comprehension, detailed examples are included throughout the book which walk readers through concepts like Random and Systematic Failures, High and Low demand mode of operation, Diagnostic Coverage, and Safe Failure Fraction. Other sample topics covered within the book include: Basics of reliability engineering and functional safety Roles of the standards in the design and evaluation of safety functions Description of the Main Parameters used in the two standards How to deal with Low Demand Safety Systems The Categories of ISO 13849-1 and the Basic Subsystem Architectures of IEC 62061 How Categories and Architectures can be validated Machinery design engineers, machinery manufacturers, and professionals in system and industrial safety fields can use this book as a one-stop resource to understand the specifics and applications of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061.