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Fundamentals of Solar Radiation
by Lucien WaldThe sun radiates a tremendous amount of energy, called solar energy or solar radiation, which is the main natural source of energy on the Earth, by far. Because solar radiation is the almost unique supplier of energy to the Earth, it has a primary influence on life and activities on the Earth. The climate is a first example, but there are many others, such as plant growth or human health, or even the design of buildings, the production of energy, notably electrical and thermal, or even aging materials. This book aims to provide simple answers to anyone who has questions about solar radiation. Its ambition is to help by presenting the fundamental elements of the solar radiation received on the ground. The book includes many examples and numerous illustrations, as well as some simple but fairly precise equations to calculate the various elements covered and to reproduce the figures and graphs. The first of the three parts of this book is devoted to the relative geometry between the direction of the sun and an observer on the ground as well as to the solar radiation emitted by the sun and received at the top of the atmosphere. The orbit of the Earth around the sun and the solar declination are described. The concept of time is introduced which is closely linked to the solar cycle and the rotation of the Earth on itself. Equations are given to calculate the solar radiation received on a horizontal or inclined surface located at the top of the atmosphere. The spectral distribution of the extraterrestrial solar radiation is described. The second part of this book addresses how the solar radiation incident at the top of the atmosphere is attenuated and modified in its downward path to the ground. The reflection of the radiation by the ground is presented. The solar radiation received on the ground by a horizontal or inclined collector plane, such as a natural slope or a rooftop, is discussed, as well as its spectral distribution. The variability of the radiation is addressed in relation to the properties of solar radiation estimated from the measurements. The third part deals with direct or indirect measurements of the solar radiation received on the ground over a given integration time (minute, hour, day, or month), whether for total radiation or radiation in a spectral range such as ultraviolet (UV), or daylight, or photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). It also explains how to check the plausibility of the measurements. Fundamentals of Solar Radiation will be a valuable resource to all professionals, engineers, researchers, students, and other practitioners that seek an understanding of solar radiation.
Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering
by Manijeh RazeghiProvides a multidisciplinary introduction to quantum mechanics, solid state physics, advanced devices, and fabrication Covers wide range of topics in the same style and in the same notation Most up to date developments in semiconductor physics and nano-engineering Mathematical derivations are carried through in detail with emphasis on clarity Timely application areas such as biophotonics , bioelectronics
Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering
by Manijeh RazeghiFundamentals of Solid State Engineering is structured in two major parts. It first addresses the basic physics concepts, which are at the base of solid state matter in general and semiconductors in particular. The second part reviews the technology for modern Solid State Engineering. This includes a review of compound semiconductor bulk and epitaxial thin films growth techniques, followed by a description of current semiconductor device processing and nano-fabrication technologies. A few examples of semiconductor devices and a description of their theory of operational are then discussed, including transistors, semiconductor lasers, and photodetectors.
Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering
by Manijeh RazeghiProvides a multidisciplinary introduction to quantum mechanics, solid state physics, advanced devices, and fabrication Covers wide range of topics in the same style and in the same notation Most up to date developments in semiconductor physics and nano-engineering Mathematical derivations are carried through in detail with emphasis on clarity Timely application areas such as biophotonics , bioelectronics
Fundamentals of Solid State Engineering
by Manijeh RazeghiProvides a multidisciplinary introduction to quantum mechanics, solid state physics, advanced devices, and fabrication Covers wide range of topics in the same style and in the same notation Most up to date developments in semiconductor physics and nano-engineering Mathematical derivations are carried through in detail with emphasis on clarity Timely application areas such as biophotonics , bioelectronics
Fundamentals of Solid-State Lighting: LEDs, OLEDs, and Their Applications in Illumination and Displays
by Vinod Kumar KhannaCompared to traditional electrical filaments, arc lamps, and fluorescent lamps, solid-state lighting offers higher efficiency, reliability, and environmentally friendly technology. LED / solid-state lighting is poised to take over conventional lighting due to cost savings-there is pretty much no debate about this. In response to the recent activity
Fundamentals of Sound and Vibration
by Frank Fahy David ThompsonA Solid Introduction to Sound and Vibration: No Formal Background NeededThis Second Edition of Fundamentals of Sound and Vibration covers the physical, mathematical and technical foundations of sound and vibration at audio frequencies. It presents Acoustics, vibration, and the associated signal processing at a level suitable for graduate stude
Fundamentals of Space Biology: Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space (Space Technology Library #18)
by Gilles Clément K. SlenzkaThis book examines the effects of spaceflight at cellular and organism levels. Research on the effects of gravity - or its absence - and ionizing radiation on the evolution, development, and function of living organisms is presented in layman's terms. The book describes the benefits of space biology for basic and applied research to support human space exploration and the advantages of space as a laboratory for scientific, technological, and commercial research.
Fundamentals of Space Business and Economics (SpringerBriefs in Space Development)
by Ozgur GurtunaThis book provides an overview of key topics related to space business and management. Case studies and an integrative section are included to illustrate the fundamental concepts and to build intuition. Key topics in the field, such as risk management and cost management, are covered in detail.
Fundamentals of Space Law and Policy (SpringerBriefs in Space Development)
by Fabio TronchettiPresents and addresses key space law and policy issues for the benefit of wider informed audiences that wish to acquaint themselves with the fundamentals of the space law field. This brief analyzes in a concise manner the combined influence of space law and policy on international space activities. Read in conjunction with the other books in the Springer ‘Space Development’ series, it supports a broader understanding of the business, economics, engineering, legal, and procedural aspects of space activities. This book will also give the casual reader as well as experts in the field insight on present and future space law and policy trends, challenges and opportunities.
Fundamentals of Space Medicine (Space Technology Library #17)
by Gilles ClémentThis readable text presents findings from the life science experiments conducted during and after space missions. It provides an insight into the space medical community and the real challenges that face the flight surgeon and life science investigator.
Fundamentals of Space Medicine (Space Technology Library #23)
by Gilles ClémentInvestigations in space have led to fundamental discoveries of the human body to the space environment. Gilles Clément has conducted extensive research in this field. This readable text presents the findings from the life science experiments conducted during and after space missions. About 1200 human space flights have been completed to date, including more than 500 astronauts from various countries, for a combined total presence in space of about 90 years. The first edition of this title was published in 2005 (written in 2003 – 2004), and new data is now available from crewmembers participating in long-duration flights on board the International Space Station (ISS). The number of astronauts who have spent six months in orbit has doubled since 2004. On board the ISS, the astronauts use newly developed pharmaceutical countermeasure for bone loss (such as biophosphonates) and state-of-the-art exercise resistive devices against muscle atrophy and cardiovascular deterioration. The ISS life support systems now use advanced closed-loop systems for meeting the needs of a 6-person crew, including recycling urine to water. Some of these new technologies have potential spin-offs for medical (i.e., sedentary life style, obesity) and environmental issues here on Earth. And finally, there are new space research opportunities with the Orion space vehicle that will soon replace the Space Shuttle, the Moon, and Mars space exploration program that is slowly but surely taking shape, and the space tourism sector that has become a reality. The focus on this edition is the ISS, Orion and planetary exploration, and space tourism. This edition also includes more than 20% new material, along with photographs, data, and video clips for Springer Extras!
Fundamentals of Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control (Space Technology Library #33)
by F. Landis Markley John L. CrassidisThis book explores topics that are central to the field of spacecraft attitude determination and control. The authors provide rigorous theoretical derivations of significant algorithms accompanied by a generous amount of qualitative discussions of the subject matter. The book documents the development of the important concepts and methods in a manner accessible to practicing engineers, graduate-level engineering students and applied mathematicians. It includes detailed examples from actual mission designs to help ease the transition from theory to practice and also provides prototype algorithms that are readily available on the author’s website.Subject matter includes both theoretical derivations and practical implementation of spacecraft attitude determination and control systems. It provides detailed derivations for attitude kinematics and dynamics and provides detailed description of the most widely used attitude parameterization, the quaternion. This title also provides a thorough treatise of attitude dynamics including Jacobian elliptical functions. It is the first known book to provide detailed derivations and explanations of state attitude determination and gives readers real-world examples from actual working spacecraft missions. The subject matter is chosen to fill the void of existing textbooks and treatises, especially in state and dynamics attitude determination. MATLAB code of all examples will be provided through an external website.
Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging: Spacecraft Interactions with Space Plasmas
by Shu T. LaiAs commercial and military spacecraft become more important to the world's economy and defense, and as new scientific and exploratory missions are launched into space, the need for a single comprehensive resource on spacecraft charging becomes increasingly critical. Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging is the first and only textbook to bring together all the necessary concepts and equations for a complete understanding of the subject. Written by one of the field's leading authorities, this essential reference enables readers to fully grasp the newest ideas and underlying physical mechanisms related to the electrostatic charging of spacecraft in the space environment. Assuming that readers may have little or no background in this area, this complete textbook covers all aspects of the field. The coverage is detailed and thorough, and topics range from secondary and backscattered electrons, spacecraft charging in Maxwellian plasmas, effective mitigation techniques, and potential wells and barriers to operational anomalies, meteors, and neutral gas release. Significant equations are derived from first principles, and abundant examples, exercises, figures, illustrations, and tables are furnished to facilitate comprehension. Fundamentals of Spacecraft Charging is the definitive reference on the physics of spacecraft charging and is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate-level students, and professional space researchers.
Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis and Modelling
by Jay GaoThis textbook provides comprehensive and in-depth explanations of all topics related to spatial analysis and spatiotemporal simulation, including how spatial data are acquired, represented digitally, and spatially aggregated. Also features the nature of space and how it is measured. Descriptive, explanatory, and inferential analyses are covered for point, line, and area data. It captures the latest developments in spatiotemporal simulation with cellular automata and agent-based modelling, and through practical examples discusses how spatial analysis and modelling can be implemented in different computing platforms. A much-needed textbook for a course at upper undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis and Modelling
by Jay GaoThis textbook provides comprehensive and in-depth explanations of all topics related to spatial analysis and spatiotemporal simulation, including how spatial data are acquired, represented digitally, and spatially aggregated. Also features the nature of space and how it is measured. Descriptive, explanatory, and inferential analyses are covered for point, line, and area data. It captures the latest developments in spatiotemporal simulation with cellular automata and agent-based modelling, and through practical examples discusses how spatial analysis and modelling can be implemented in different computing platforms. A much-needed textbook for a course at upper undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition
by Homayoon BeigiAn emerging technology, Speaker Recognition is becoming well-known for providing voice authentication over the telephone for helpdesks, call centres and other enterprise businesses for business process automation. "Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition" introduces Speaker Identification, Speaker Verification, Speaker (Audio Event) Classification, Speaker Detection, Speaker Tracking and more. The technical problems are rigorously defined, and a complete picture is made of the relevance of the discussed algorithms and their usage in building a comprehensive Speaker Recognition System. Designed as a textbook with examples and exercises at the end of each chapter, "Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition" is suitable for advanced-level students in computer science and engineering, concentrating on biometrics, speech recognition, pattern recognition, signal processing and, specifically, speaker recognition. It is also a valuable reference for developers of commercial technology and for speech scientists. Please click on the link under "Additional Information" to view supplemental information including the Table of Contents and Index.
Fundamentals of Special Radiographic Procedures - E-Book
by Albert M. SnopekPresenting the information a technologist needs to know to perform advanced diagnostic and interventional special procedures, this text provides complete coverage of topics such as angiography, cardiac catheterization, and vascular interventions. A general overview includes room design, image recording systems, injection devices, contrast media, and catheters. Coverage of specific imaging procedures includes anatomy, indications and contraindications, procedures, contrast media, patient care, equipment, and patient positioning. Discussions of cardiac and vascular interventional procedures help practicing radiographers prepare for the ARRT advanced certification exams.Special tables for equipment tray setup list the items needed for each procedure. Chapter summaries recap the most important information and provide a quick review. Key terms are bolded throughout chapters. Special boxes draw attention to important information in the chapter. List of pharmaceutical resources is included in new appendix.End-of-chapter questions include 10 multiple-choice questions for self-assessment. Chapter objectives focus on the most important information to be learned. Updated art program includes new line drawings, diagnostic images, and equipment photographs. New content includes: Positron emission tomography MR angiography Peripheral angiography and venography Left heart cardiac catheterization Monitoring procedures and equipment during cardiac catheterization Extensive additions to the vascular procedures sections, including: Revascularization Thrombolytic therapy Ablation Embolization Transcatheter biopsy Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts Inferior vena cava filters Information abut HIPAA
Fundamentals of Speech Enhancement (SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering)
by Jacob BenestyThis book presents and develops several important concepts of speech enhancement in a simple but rigorous way. Many of the ideas are new; not only do they shed light on this old problem but they also offer valuable tips on how to improve on some well-known conventional approaches. The book unifies all aspects of speech enhancement, from single channel, multichannel, beamforming, time domain, frequency domain and time–frequency domain, to binaural in a clear and flexible framework. It starts with an exhaustive discussion on the fundamental best (linear and nonlinear) estimators, showing how they are connected to various important measures such as the coefficient of determination, the correlation coefficient, the conditional correlation coefficient, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It then goes on to show how to exploit these measures in order to derive all kinds of noise reduction algorithms that can offer an accurate and versatile compromise between noise reduction and speech distortion.
Fundamentals of Spherical Array Processing (Springer Topics in Signal Processing #16)
by Boaz RafaelyThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of spherical microphone arrays, and was written for graduate students, researchers and engineers who work with spherical microphone arrays in a wide range of applications. The new edition includes additions and modifications, and references supplementary Matlab code to provide the reader with a straightforward start for own implementations. The book is also accompanied by a Matlab manual, which explains how to implement the examples and simulations presented in the book.The first two chapters provide the reader with the necessary mathematical and physical background, including an introduction to the spherical Fourier transform and the formulation of plane-wave sound fields in the spherical harmonic domain. In turn, the third chapter covers the theory of spatial sampling, employed when selecting the positions of microphones to sample sound pressure functions in space. Subsequent chapters highlight various spherical array configurations, including the popular rigid-sphere-based configuration. Beamforming (spatial filtering) in the spherical harmonics domain, including axis-symmetric beamforming, and the performance measures of directivity index and white noise gain are introduced, and a range of optimal beamformers for spherical arrays, including those that achieve maximum directivity and maximum robustness are developed, along with the Dolph–Chebyshev beamformer. The final chapter discusses more advanced beamformers, such as MVDR (minimum variance distortionless response) and LCMV (linearly constrained minimum variance) types, which are tailored to the measured sound field.
Fundamentals of Spherical Array Processing (Springer Topics in Signal Processing #8)
by Boaz RafaelyThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of spherical microphone arrays. It is written for graduate students, researchers and engineers who work with spherical microphone arrays in a wide range of applications. The first two chapters provide the reader with the necessary mathematical and physical background, including an introduction to the spherical Fourier transform and the formulation of plane-wave sound fields in the spherical harmonic domain. The third chapter covers the theory of spatial sampling, employed when selecting the positions of microphones to sample sound pressure functions in space. Subsequent chapters present various spherical array configurations, including the popular rigid-sphere-based configuration. Beamforming (spatial filtering) in the spherical harmonics domain, including axis-symmetric beamforming, and the performance measures of directivity index and white noise gain are introduced, and a range of optimal beamformers for spherical arrays, including beamformers that achieve maximum directivity and maximum robustness, and the Dolph-Chebyshev beamformer are developed. The final chapter discusses more advanced beamformers, such as MVDR and LCMV, which are tailored to the measured sound field.
Fundamentals of Spread Spectrum Modulation (Synthesis Lectures on Communications)
by Rodger E. ZiemerThis lecture covers the fundamentals of spread spectrum modulation, which can be defined as any modulation technique that requires a transmission bandwidth much greater than the modulating signal bandwidth, independently of the bandwidth of the modulating signal. After reviewing basic digital modulation techniques, the principal forms of spread spectrum modulation are described. One of the most important components of a spread spectrum system is the spreading code, and several types and their characteristics are described. The most essential operation required at the receiver in a spread spectrum system is the code synchronization, which is usually broken down into the operations of acquisition and tracking. Means for performing these operations are discussed next. Finally, the performance of spread spectrum systems is of fundamental interest and the effect of jamming is considered, both without and with the use of forward error correction coding. The presentation ends with consideration of spread spectrum systems in the presence of other users. For more complete treatments of spread spectrum, the reader is referred to [1, 2, 3].
Fundamentals of Springs Mechanics
by Vladimir KobelevThis book highlights the mechanics of the elastic elements made of steel alloys with a focus on the metal springs for automotive industry. The industry and scientific organizations study intensively the foundations of design of spring elements and permanently improve the mechanical properties of spring materials. The development responsibilities of spring manufacturing company involve the optimal application of the existing material types. Thus, the task entails the target-oriented evaluation of the mechanical properties and the subsequent design of the springs, which makes full use of the attainable material characteristics. The themes about the new design of disk springs and the hereditary mechanics—namely creep and relaxation resistance—were extended. The fatigue life diagrams were reconsidered, and the relations between the traditional diagrams revealed. The book stands as a valuable reference for professionals in practice as well as an advanced learning resource for students of structural and automotive engineering. The former editions were known as "Durability of Springs”. Reflecting the substantial enlargement of the discussed themes, starting with this 3rd Edition the book entitled as "Fundamentals of Springs Mechanics”.
Fundamentals of Statistical Hydrology
by Mauro NaghettiniThis textbook covers the main applications of statistical methods in hydrology. It is written for upper undergraduate and graduate students but can be used as a helpful guide for hydrologists, geographers, meteorologists and engineers. The book is very useful for teaching, as it covers the main topics of the subject and contains many worked out examples and proposed exercises. Starting from simple notions of the essential graphical examination of hydrological data, the book gives a complete account of the role that probability considerations must play during modelling, diagnosis of model fit, prediction and evaluating the uncertainty in model predictions, including the essence of Bayesian application in hydrology and statistical methods under nonstationarity.The book also offers a comprehensive and useful discussion on subjective topics, such as the selection of probability distributions suitable for hydrological variables. On a practical level, it explains MS Excel charting and computing capabilities, demonstrates the use of Winbugs free software to solve Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) simulations, and gives examples of free R code to solve nonstationary models with nonlinear link functions with climate covariates.
Fundamentals of Statistics for Aviation Research (Aviation Fundamentals)
by Michael A. Gallo Brooke E. Wheeler Isaac M. SilverThis is the first textbook designed to teach statistics to students in aviation courses. All examples and exercises are grounded in an aviation context, including flight instruction, air traffic control, airport management, and human factors. Structured in six parts, this book covers the key foundational topics relative to descriptive and inferential statistics, including hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, z and t tests, correlation, regression, ANOVA, and chi-square. In addition, this book promotes both procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding. Detailed, guided examples are presented from the perspective of conducting a research study. Each analysis technique is clearly explained, enabling readers to understand, carry out, and report results correctly. Students are further supported by a range of pedagogical features in each chapter, including objectives, a summary, and a vocabulary check. Digital supplements comprise downloadable data sets and short video lectures explaining key concepts. Instructors also have access to PPT slides and an instructor’s manual that consists of a test bank with multiple choice exams, exercises with data sets, and solutions. This is the ideal statistics textbook for aviation courses globally, especially in aviation statistics, research methods in aviation, human factors, and related areas.