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Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis
by Craig Grimes Oomman Varghese Sudhir RanjanThis book covers the field of solar production of hydrogen by water photo-splitting (photoelectrolysis) using semiconductor photoanodes. The emphasis of the discussion is on the use of nanotechnology in the field. The theories behind photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical processes responsible for hydrogen production are given in detail. This provides a state-of-the-art review of the semiconductor materials and methods used for improving the efficiency of the processes. The book also gives an account of the techniques used for making the nanostructures.
Light Weight Materials: Processing and Characterization
by Kaushik Kumar Bathini Sridhar Babu J. Paulo DavimIn the automotive and aerospace industries, the need for strong yet light materials has given rise to extensive research into aluminum and magnesium alloys and formable titanium alloys. All of these are categorized as light weight materials. The distinguishing feature of light weight materials is that they are low density, but they have a wide range of properties and, as a result, a wide range of applications. This book provides researchers and students with an overview of the recent advancements in light weight material processing, manufacturing and characterization. It contains chapters by eminent researchers on topics associated with light weight materials, including on the current buzzword “composite materials”. First, this book describes the current status of light weight materials. Then, it studies applications of these materials, given that, as the densities vary, so do the applications, ranging from automobiles and aviation to bio-mechatronics. This book will therefore serve as an excellent guide to this field.
Light Weight Materials (PDF): Processing and Characterization
by Kaushik Kumar Bathini Sridhar Babu J. Paulo DavimNo synopsis available.
Light Weighting for Defense, Aerospace, and Transportation (Indian Institute of Metals Series)
by Amol A. Gokhale N. Eswara Prasad Biswajit BasuThis book covers recent developments and current status of various materials, designs, and manufacturing practices which together contribute towards weight reduction of systems used in defense, aerospace, and automotive sectors. The topics covered in the volume range from new manufacturing methods such as additive manufacturing, intermetallics, aluminum-based solutions, near net-shaped processes, ultra-light weight metal foam and honeycomb based sandwich structures, advanced high strength steels, magnesium alloy castings and carbon fiber composites. It also talks about specific manufacturing and characterization techniques, property variability and reliability of light weight components. This volume will be useful to researchers, professionals, and students working in the fields of aerospace, transportation and defense.
Lighter than Air Robots: Guidance and Control of Autonomous Airships (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering #58)
by Yasmina Bestaoui SebbaneAn aerial robot is a system capable of sustained flight with no direct human control and able to perform a specific task. A lighter than air robot is an aerial robot that relies on the static lift to balance its own weight. It can also be defined as a lighter than air unmanned aerial vehicle or an unmanned airship with sufficient autonomy. Lighter than air systems are particularly appealing since the energy to keep them airborne is small. They are increasingly considered for various tasks such as monitoring, surveillance, advertising, freight carrier, transportation.This book familiarizes readers with a hierarchical decoupled planning and control strategy that has been proven efficient through research. It is made up of a hierarchy of modules with well defined functions operating at a variety of rates, linked together from top to bottom. The outer loop, closed periodically, consists of a discrete search that produces a set of waypoints leading to the goal while avoiding obstacles and weighed regions. The second level smoothes this set so that the generated paths are feasible given the vehicle's velocity and accelerations limits. The third level generates flyable, timed trajectories and the last one is the tracking controller that attempts to minimize the error between the robot measured trajectory and the reference trajectory. This hierarchy is reflected in the structure and content of the book. Topics treated are: Modelling, Flight Planning, Trajectory Design and Control. Finally, some actual projects are described in the appendix. This volume will prove useful for researchers and practitioners working in Robotics and Automation, Aerospace Technology, Control and Artificial Intelligence.
Lighter Than Air Systems: Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Engineering of Lighter-Than-Air Systems 2022 (DELTAs-2022) (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)
by Dhwanil ShuklaThis book presents select peer reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Engineering of Lighter-Than-Air Systems (DELTAs 2022) which was held at the Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. It highlights current research trends and advancements in the field of lighter-than-air (LTA) systems. The topics covered include design (conventional and unconventional), aerodynamics (CFD), structures, loads and materials, stability and control, operations and ground handling, multidisciplinary design optimization, and novel applications of LTA systems. The book will be a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in lighter-than-air systems and allied fields.
Lighting
by D. C. PritchardLighting, now in its sixth edition, is the standard text on the principles and practice of lighting interiors and exteriors. The book introduces all the main principles of light and colour, along with the design of general lighting schemes. It complies with the CIBSE lighting code and guides, covers the main calculations that a lighting designer needs to do and includes worked examples.The book starts with the theory of light and how it is perceived by the eye. It looks at the units used and the subjective effect of colour. The characteristics of various types of lamp are described along with luminaires (the equipment that contains the lamps). The effects of daylight on light levels indoors are described before going on to look at the design of general lighting schemes. The book concludes with chapters looking at lighting for specific applications including roadway lighting, floodlighting, and the interior of specific building types.
Lighting
by D. C. PritchardLighting, now in its sixth edition, is the standard text on the principles and practice of lighting interiors and exteriors. The book introduces all the main principles of light and colour, along with the design of general lighting schemes. It complies with the CIBSE lighting code and guides, covers the main calculations that a lighting designer needs to do and includes worked examples.The book starts with the theory of light and how it is perceived by the eye. It looks at the units used and the subjective effect of colour. The characteristics of various types of lamp are described along with luminaires (the equipment that contains the lamps). The effects of daylight on light levels indoors are described before going on to look at the design of general lighting schemes. The book concludes with chapters looking at lighting for specific applications including roadway lighting, floodlighting, and the interior of specific building types.
Lighting & Controls: Transitioning to the Future
by Stan WalerczykThis book helps you make good lighting decisions and will be a very useful hands-on tool for anyone involved with engineering, maintenance, purchasing, specification, retrofits, remodels, and new construction for interior or exterior lighting applications. It gives very practical ways to maintain and update existing lighting systems and how to plan for the future. Key points include LED lighting, maintenance costs, achieving low power density, disadvantages of LED T8s, and human centric lighting.
Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations
by R. H. Simons A.R. Bean'Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations' describes the mathematical background to the calculation techniques used in lighting engineering and links them to the applications with which they are used. The fundamentals of flux and illuminance, colour, measurement and optical design are covered in detail. There are detailed discussions of specific applications, including interior lighting, road lighting, tunnel lighting, floodlighting and emergency lighting. The authors have used their years of experience to provide guidance for common mistakes and useful techniques including worked examples and case studies.The last decade has seen the universal application of personal computers to lighting engineering on a day-to-day basis. Many calculations that were previously impracticable are therefore now easily accessible to any engineer or designer who has access to an appropriate computer program. However, a grasp of the underlying calculation principles is still necessary in order to utilise these technologies to the full. Written by two of the leading authorities on this subject, 'Lighting Engineering' is essential reading for practising lighting engineers, designers and architects, and students in the field of lighting.
Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations
by R. H. Simons A.R. Bean'Lighting Engineering: Applied Calculations' describes the mathematical background to the calculation techniques used in lighting engineering and links them to the applications with which they are used. The fundamentals of flux and illuminance, colour, measurement and optical design are covered in detail. There are detailed discussions of specific applications, including interior lighting, road lighting, tunnel lighting, floodlighting and emergency lighting. The authors have used their years of experience to provide guidance for common mistakes and useful techniques including worked examples and case studies.The last decade has seen the universal application of personal computers to lighting engineering on a day-to-day basis. Many calculations that were previously impracticable are therefore now easily accessible to any engineer or designer who has access to an appropriate computer program. However, a grasp of the underlying calculation principles is still necessary in order to utilise these technologies to the full. Written by two of the leading authorities on this subject, 'Lighting Engineering' is essential reading for practising lighting engineers, designers and architects, and students in the field of lighting.
Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals
by Peter BoyceVehicle, road, sign, and signal lighting are provided to enable drivers to reach their destinations quickly and safely. However, the attention given to how these forms of lighting function is likely to change as new technology is introduced and understanding of ergonomics and human factors improves. Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicle, Signs and Signals, Second Edition shows the crucial role lighting plays in road safety and examines how it could be used more effectively. With light-emitting diodes (LEDs) becoming the lighting source of choice for transport planners and vehicle designers, this book integrates information on road lighting, vehicle lighting, signs, and signals in one handy volume.International in scope and updated for this new edition, this book features lighting examples from the USA, the UK, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Lighting in common vehicle types including cars, vans, trucks, and motorcycles is covered as well as the visibility of pedestrians and cyclists to drivers. Coverage extends to road lighting, traffic markings, vehicle designs, and internal lighting and weather conditions. Now fully updated, a final chapter looks at the future of lighting in relation to driving. The book will help the reader to understand how lighting systems on roads and vehicles work by explaining the thinking and scientific reasoning behind various forms of lighting and analyzing their contribution to the driver’s understanding of real and potential road hazards.This book will be an ideal read for ergonomists and engineers engaged in transport and road engineering, transport planners, civil engineers, vehicle designers, and electrical engineers.
Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals
by Peter BoyceVehicle, road, sign, and signal lighting are provided to enable drivers to reach their destinations quickly and safely. However, the attention given to how these forms of lighting function is likely to change as new technology is introduced and understanding of ergonomics and human factors improves. Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicle, Signs and Signals, Second Edition shows the crucial role lighting plays in road safety and examines how it could be used more effectively. With light-emitting diodes (LEDs) becoming the lighting source of choice for transport planners and vehicle designers, this book integrates information on road lighting, vehicle lighting, signs, and signals in one handy volume.International in scope and updated for this new edition, this book features lighting examples from the USA, the UK, France, Germany, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Lighting in common vehicle types including cars, vans, trucks, and motorcycles is covered as well as the visibility of pedestrians and cyclists to drivers. Coverage extends to road lighting, traffic markings, vehicle designs, and internal lighting and weather conditions. Now fully updated, a final chapter looks at the future of lighting in relation to driving. The book will help the reader to understand how lighting systems on roads and vehicles work by explaining the thinking and scientific reasoning behind various forms of lighting and analyzing their contribution to the driver’s understanding of real and potential road hazards.This book will be an ideal read for ergonomists and engineers engaged in transport and road engineering, transport planners, civil engineers, vehicle designers, and electrical engineers.
Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicles, Signs, and Signals
by Peter R. BoyceIntegrates Vehicle, Signal, and Road Lighting into a Unified SystemMany people drive many miles after dark and rely on lighting to help them gather information about the road ahead and the presence and intentions of other people on and near the road. With new technology on the industry's horizon, Lighting for Driving: Roads, Vehicle, Signs and Sign
Light–Matter Interaction: A Crash Course for Students of Optics, Photonics and Materials Science (UNITEXT for Physics)
by Olaf StenzelThis book offers a didactic introduction to light–matter interactions at both the classical and semi-classical levels. Pursuing an approach that describes the essential physics behind the functionality of any optical element, it acquaints students with the broad areas of optics and photonics. Its rigorous, bottom-up approach to the subject, using model systems ranging from individual atoms and simple molecules to crystalline and amorphous solids, gradually builds up the reader’s familiarity and confidence with the subject matter. Throughout the book, the detailed mathematical treatment and examples of practical applications are accompanied by problems with worked-out solutions. In short, the book provides the most essential information for any graduate or advanced undergraduate student wishing to begin their course of study in the field of photonics, or to brush up on important concepts prior to an examination.
Lightning: Science, Engineering, and Economic Implications for Developing Countries (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #780)
by Chandima GomesThis book highlights the essential theoretical and practical aspects of lightning, lightning protection, safety and education. Additionally, several auxiliary topics that are required to understand the core themes are also included. The main objective of the contents is to enlighten the scientists, researchers, engineers and social activists (including policy makers) in developing countries regarding the key information related to lightning and thunderstorms. A majority of developing countries are in tropics where the lightning characteristics are somewhat different from those in temperate regions. The housing structures and power/communication networks, and human behavioural patterns(that depends on socio-economic parameters) in these countries are also different from those in the developed world. As the existing books on similar themes address only those scenarios in developed countries, this book serves a vast spectrum of readership in developing world who seek knowledge in the principles of lightning and a practical guidance on lightning protection and safety education.
Lightning Discharges: Formation, Terminologies, Measurements and Theory (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Pitri Bhakta Adhikari Aashutosh AdhikariThis book highlights the basic information about lightning. It is an unpredictable disaster, and it is an extremely complex electrical discharge phenomenon. A complete theory of lightning does not exist till now. This book elaborates on the basic formation of lightning, terminologies related to lightning, and the preliminary lightning theory. There are different types of lightning, such as cloud flashes, ground flashes (both positive and negative), and air discharges. This book explains some unusual events related to lightning and inspects innovation. This book also describes the measurement of electric and magnetic fields generated by lightning, which are the basic parameters for lightning fundamentals.
Lightning Electromagnetics
by Robert GardnerA survey of theoretical and experimental research, this book covers all areas of lightning phenomenology. The four sections cover models of fundamental lightning processes, propagation of lightning-induced signals, measurement of lightning parameters, and lightning interaction with systems. The book provides an excellent review of the use of models to support remote sensing efforts. It includes data on high-frequency radiated fields for lightening and an overview of the data available in the frequency and time domains for lightning. The book also presents spectoral and temporal characteristics of lightning in the VHF-UHF frequency range and uses photographic and electromagnetic measurements to examine how lighting chooses a strike point.
Lightning Electromagnetics
by Robert GardnerA survey of theoretical and experimental research, this book covers all areas of lightning phenomenology. The four sections cover models of fundamental lightning processes, propagation of lightning-induced signals, measurement of lightning parameters, and lightning interaction with systems. The book provides an excellent review of the use of models to support remote sensing efforts. It includes data on high-frequency radiated fields for lightening and an overview of the data available in the frequency and time domains for lightning. The book also presents spectoral and temporal characteristics of lightning in the VHF-UHF frequency range and uses photographic and electromagnetic measurements to examine how lighting chooses a strike point.
Lightning Engineering: Physics, Computer-based Test-bed, Protection of Ground and Airborne Systems
by Paul Hoole Samuel HooleThis book gives a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the physics of lightning and protection systems, based on nearly 40 years of research, teaching, and consultancy work in this area. The book begins with an overview of the climatology of lightning and electric storms, as well as giving insight into lightning discharge from the preliminary discharges or processes such as corona, stepped leader, and subsequent return strokes, including the important submicrosecond threats and continuous current. The subsequent chapters present measures of lightning threat analysis to aircraft and electric power systems, protection measures to be used in high-voltage to low-voltage computer and communication systems, as well as to commercial and domestic buildings. The book discusses challenges posed by the submicrosecond lighting current changes and climate change to present and future high-voltage apparatus and structures (including carbon composite aircraft and new buildings) exposed to lightning strikes. Including worked examples, illustrations, and detailed analysis, Lightening Engineering will be of interest to electrical engineers, as well as researchers and graduate students.
Lightning Protection for People and Property
by Marvin M. FrydenlundThe word lightning conjures up many different thoughts, depending on who you are. For instance, an engineer might wonder, "How can I protect this building?" A computer manager might ask, "What protection is available to save my equip ment?" A golf course manager wants to warn golfers about life-saving measures to take during a lightning storm. And on and on the needs go. In fact, the variety of backgrounds of people who need to understand lightning, its effects, and pro tection techniques ranges from the highly technical to the illiterate, creating a very difficult educational problem for the lightning protection industry. In this book, Marvin Frydenlund presents a refreshingly new melding of the many pieces of the lightningjigsaw puzzle that are scattered throughout numerous libraries, magazine and newspaper articles, codes, standards, statistics, research, and the enormous body of information called "old wives' tales, myths, opinions, and snake oil sales literature." He has created a broad-spectrum review of the en tire field oflightning that is easy to read and understand, and it will benefit anyone who wants to study and comprehend the subject.
The Lightning Rod as a Danger
by Jan MeppelinkThis book investigates the physical effects of a lightning flash on a person near the down conductor of a lightning protection system. These effects are the touch voltage, the step voltage and the side flash. For this purpose, a full-scale simulation model of the human body with a resistance of 1000 ohms was first created. In the simulation model, the body can touch the down conductor or be placed close to it. Furthermore, the specific resistance of the earth is varied. Likewise, insulating layers such as asphalt can be incorporated into the simulation model. Also, special cases like water permeable layers or water layers on an asphalt layer can be calculated. In post-processing, all relevant values can be determined, such as the energy converted in the body, the charge, the current and the voltage applied to the body. A comparison with the permissible limit values then shows for the lightning protection classes whether there is danger or not and provides information on necessary measures. There is a risk for death and injury if the down conductor is touched. However, there is also a risk of a side flash if a person is standing next to a discharge. Site isolation with dry asphalt is effective, but there is a residual risk of surface discharges. In real situations with wet asphalt, water-permeable layers or asphalt with a water layer, however, there is a great risk of death or injury. Equipotential bonding with an earthing grid is a necessary but not sufficient solution with regard to the induced voltage at negative subsequent stroke. Therefore, the situation must always be examined on a case-by-case basis with regard to the safety requirements. The only effective measure to prevent injury and death due to touch voltage is an insulating down conductor in conjunction with equipotential bonding. The measures for reducing the touch voltage, such as site insulation and equipotential bonding, basically also apply to limiting the step voltage. A risk calculation according to IEC 62305-2 gives the mean time between two events of injury and death MG = 1/RA. The tolerable risk is: RA = 0,0001 or MT = 10.000 years, equivalent to one death in 10.000 years.
Lightning Transients and Protection for Renewable Energy System
by Li Zhang Xiao Zhong Qiuqin Sun Feng Bin Zhi ZhengThis book is dedicated to lightning transients and protection for renewable energy systems, including both wind and solar energy. In addition to the formation mechanism of lightning transients, the practical engineering application has also been addressed. This book is comprehensive and covers the methodology of electromagnetic transient modelling, electromagnetic coupling for PV system, lightning protection design, testing and evaluation. This book is particularly suitable for readers interested in lightning phenomena and renewable energy systems. It would benefit researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of electrical engineering, renewable energy, computational electromagnetism, etc.
Lights On!: The Science of Power Generation
by Mark DennyPower generation is a relatively recent concern because humans had little need for sustained power until the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Today, modern civilization is wholly dependent on the production and distribution of power. Without it, our way of life would be extinguished.In Lights On!, Mark Denny reveals the mysterious world of power generation. He takes us on a fun tour, examining the nature of energy, tracing the history of power generation, explaining the processes from production through transmission to use, and addressing questions that are currently in the headlines, such as:• Is natural gas the best alternative energy source in the near term? • Could solar power be the answer to all our problems? • Why is nuclear power such a hard sell, and are the concerns valid?Devoting individual chapters to each of the forms of power in use today—electrical, coal, oil and natural gas, hydro, nuclear, and solar—Denny explains the pros and cons of each, their availability worldwide, and which are in dwindling supply. Making clear that his approach is that of "a scientist and engineer, not a politician or businessman," Denny addresses environmental concerns by providing information to help readers understand the science and engineering of power generation so they can discuss contemporary energy issues from an informed perspective. For those who wish to delve deeper into the science, a technical appendix provides estimations for a variety of power generators.Anyone who is interested in how energy works and how it is transformed to power our lives will get a charge out of Lights On!
Lightwave Engineering (Optical Science and Engineering)
by Yasuo KokubunSuitable as either a student text or professional reference, Lightwave Engineering addresses the behavior of electromagnetic waves and the propagation of light, which forms the basis of the wide-ranging field of optoelectronics. Divided into two parts, the book first gives a comprehensive introduction to lightwave engineering using plane wave and then offers an in-depth analysis of lightwave propagation in terms of electromagnetic theory. Using the language of mathematics to explain natural phenomena, the book includes numerous illustrative figures that help readers develop an intuitive understanding of light propagation. It also provides helpful equations and outlines their exact derivation and physical meaning, enabling users to acquire an analytical understanding as well. After explaining a concept, the author includes several problems that are tailored to illustrate the explanation and help explain the next concept. The book addresses key topics including fundamentals of interferometers and resonators, guided wave, optical fibers, and lightwave devices and circuits. It also features useful appendices that contain formulas for Fourier transform, derivation of Green's theorem, vector algebra, Gaussian function, cylindrical function, and more. Ranging from basic to more difficult, the book’s content is designed for easily adjustable application, making it equally useful for university lectures or a review of basic theory for professional engineers.