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Local Gradient Theory for Dielectrics: Fundamentals and Applications
by Olha Hrytsyna Vasyl KondratThis book is devoted to the development of the local gradient theory of dielectrics. It presents a brief description of the known approaches to the construction of generalized (integral- and gradient-type) continuous theories of dielectrics. It describes a new continuum–thermodynamic approach to the construction of nonlinear high-order gradient theory of thermoelastic non-ferromagnetic polarized media. This approach is based on accounting for non-diffusive and non-convective mass fluxes associated with the changes in the material microstructure. Within the linear approximation, the theory has been applied to study transition modes of the formation of near-surface inhomogeneity of coupled fields in solids, disjoining pressure in thin films, etc. The theory describes a number of observable phenomena (including the surface, size, flexoelectric, pyroelectric, and thermopolarization effects in centrosymmetric crystals, the Meads anomaly, the high frequency dispersion of elastic waves, etc.) that cannot be explained within the framework of the classical theory of dielectrics.
Local Gradient Theory for Dielectrics: Fundamentals and Applications
by Olha Hrytsyna Vasyl KondratThis book is devoted to the development of the local gradient theory of dielectrics. It presents a brief description of the known approaches to the construction of generalized (integral- and gradient-type) continuous theories of dielectrics. It describes a new continuum–thermodynamic approach to the construction of nonlinear high-order gradient theory of thermoelastic non-ferromagnetic polarized media. This approach is based on accounting for non-diffusive and non-convective mass fluxes associated with the changes in the material microstructure. Within the linear approximation, the theory has been applied to study transition modes of the formation of near-surface inhomogeneity of coupled fields in solids, disjoining pressure in thin films, etc. The theory describes a number of observable phenomena (including the surface, size, flexoelectric, pyroelectric, and thermopolarization effects in centrosymmetric crystals, the Meads anomaly, the high frequency dispersion of elastic waves, etc.) that cannot be explained within the framework of the classical theory of dielectrics.
The Local Information Dynamics of Distributed Computation in Complex Systems (Springer Theses)
by Joseph T. LizierThe nature of distributed computation in complex systems has often been described in terms of memory, communication and processing. This thesis presents a complete information-theoretic framework to quantify these operations on information (i.e. information storage, transfer and modification), and in particular their dynamics in space and time. The framework is applied to cellular automata, and delivers important insights into the fundamental nature of distributed computation and the dynamics of complex systems (e.g. that gliders are dominant information transfer agents). Applications to several important network models, including random Boolean networks, suggest that the capability for information storage and coherent transfer are maximised near the critical regime in certain order-chaos phase transitions. Further applications to study and design information structure in the contexts of computational neuroscience and guided self-organisation underline the practical utility of the techniques presented here.
Local Journalism: The Decline of Newspapers and the Rise of Digital Media (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism)
by Rasmus Kleis NielsenFor more than a century, local journalism has been taken almost for granted. But the twenty-first century has brought major challenges. The newspaper industry that has historically provided most local coverage is in decline and it is not yet clear whether digital media will sustain new forms of local journalism. This book provides an international overview of the challenges facing changing forms of local journalism today. It identifies the central role that diminished newspapers still play in local media ecosystems, analyses relations between local journalists and politicians, government officials, community activists and ordinary citizens, and examines the uneven rise of new forms of digital local journalism. Together, the chapters present a multi-faceted portrait of the precarious present and uncertain future of local journalism in the Western world.
Local Knowledge, Intellectual Property and Agricultural Innovation
by Michael Blakeney Kadambot H. M. SiddiqueThis book examines the role of local knowledge in promoting agricultural innovation and legislative support for agricultural innovation through intellectual property laws and the protection of farmers’ rights. In assessing the role of intellectual property in promoting agricultural innovation the book examines plant variety rights protection, the patenting of plant varieties and plant breeding methods; gene patents and climate change; open source biotechnology and agricultural innovation and geographical indications and the marketing of agricultural products. As a test bed for the application of the themes of the book, it applies a case study approach to look at the role of local knowledge and intellectual property rights in the cultivation of traditional rice varieties in Kerala, South West India and the extent to which this cultivation is supported by Indian legislation. The book concludes with an examination of the success of self-help groups, such as Farmers’ Clubs. This book appeals to all readers interested in policies to promote sustainable agriculture at a time of increasing food insecurity. A special feature of the book is the case study approach. To date, the role of local knowledge and agricultural innovation has been almost entirely ignored and the role of intellectual property in this space has been largely ignored. The book is a result of a research collaboration between the University of Western Australia and Kerala Agricultural University, funded in part by the Australian Research Council.
Local Limit Theorems for Inhomogeneous Markov Chains (Lecture Notes in Mathematics #2331)
by Dmitry Dolgopyat Omri M. SarigThis book extends the local central limit theorem to Markov chains whose state spaces and transition probabilities are allowed to change in time. Such chains are used to model Markovian systems depending on external time-dependent parameters. The book develops a new general theory of local limit theorems for additive functionals of Markov chains, in the regimes of local, moderate, and large deviations, and provides nearly optimal conditions for the classical expansions, as well as asymptotic corrections when these conditions fail. Applications include local limit theorems for independent but not identically distributed random variables, Markov chains in random environments, and time-dependent perturbations of homogeneous Markov chains.The inclusion of appendices with background material, numerous examples, and an account of the historical background of the subject make this self-contained book accessible to graduate students. It will also be useful for researchers in probability and ergodic theory who are interested in asymptotic behaviors, Markov chains in random environments, random dynamical systems and non-stationary systems.
Local Mechanics Concepts for Composite Material Systems: IUTAM Symposium Blacksburg, VA 1991 (IUTAM Symposia)
by J. N. Reddy K. L. ReifsniderThe application of composite materials to engineering components has spurred a ma jor effort to analyze such materials and the structures made from them. Most researchers workin~ in mechanics of composite structures understand that composite materials pro vide umque advantages but also present complex and challenging problems to researchers. The complex inelastic behavior and variety of failure modes of composite structures are a result of the strength and stiffness properties of constituents and their complex interac tions. Macromechanical constitutive models based on gross composite properties cannot realistically represent local interactions, and thus have serious limitations. The composite materials that are of most interest to engineering applications are often "brittle" in their behavior, in the sense that the strength and life of the material systems is controlled or greatly influenced by events or processes which involve volumes of material whose dimen sions are small compared to the global dimensions of the element. This is also true in ductile systems where local nonlinearity may contribute to local behavior which controls global response.
Local Networks and the Internet: From Protocols to Interconnection (Iste Ser.)
by Laurent Toutain Ana MinaburoThis title covers the most commonly used elements of Internet and Intranet technology and their development. It details the latest developments in research and covers new themes such as IP6, MPLS, and IS-IS routing, as well as explaining the function of standardization committees such as IETF, IEEE, and UIT. The book is illustrated with numerous examples and applications which will help the reader to place protocols in their proper context.
Local Networks and the Internet: From Protocols to Interconnection
by Laurent Toutain Ana MinaburoThis title covers the most commonly used elements of Internet and Intranet technology and their development. It details the latest developments in research and covers new themes such as IP6, MPLS, and IS-IS routing, as well as explaining the function of standardization committees such as IETF, IEEE, and UIT. The book is illustrated with numerous examples and applications which will help the reader to place protocols in their proper context.
Local Responses to Mine Closure in South Africa: Dependencies and Social Disruption (Routledge Studies of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development)
by Sethulego Matebesi Lochner Marais Verna NelThis book investigates mine closure and local responses in South Africa, linking dependencies and social disruption. Mine closure presents a major challenge to the mining industry and government policymakers globally, but particularly in the Global South. South Africa is experiencing notable numbers of mine closures, and this book explores the notion of social disruption, a concept often applied to describe the effects of mine growth on communities but often neglecting the impact of mine closures. The book begins with three theoretical chapters that discuss theory, closure cost frameworks and policy development in South Africa. It uses evolutionary governance theory to show how mining creates dependencies and how mining growth often blinds communities and governments to the likelihood of closure. Too easily, mining goes ahead with no concern for the possibility, or indeed inevitability, of eventual closure and how mining communities will cope. These impacts are showcased through eight place-based case studies from across South Africa, one focusing on mine workers, to demonstrate that mine closure causes significant social disruption. This book will be of interest to students and scholars researching the social impacts of mining and the extractive industries, social geography and sustainable development, as well as policymakers and practitioners working with mine closure and social impact assessments.
Local Responses to Mine Closure in South Africa: Dependencies and Social Disruption (Routledge Studies of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development)
This book investigates mine closure and local responses in South Africa, linking dependencies and social disruption. Mine closure presents a major challenge to the mining industry and government policymakers globally, but particularly in the Global South. South Africa is experiencing notable numbers of mine closures, and this book explores the notion of social disruption, a concept often applied to describe the effects of mine growth on communities but often neglecting the impact of mine closures. The book begins with three theoretical chapters that discuss theory, closure cost frameworks and policy development in South Africa. It uses evolutionary governance theory to show how mining creates dependencies and how mining growth often blinds communities and governments to the likelihood of closure. Too easily, mining goes ahead with no concern for the possibility, or indeed inevitability, of eventual closure and how mining communities will cope. These impacts are showcased through eight place-based case studies from across South Africa, one focusing on mine workers, to demonstrate that mine closure causes significant social disruption. This book will be of interest to students and scholars researching the social impacts of mining and the extractive industries, social geography and sustainable development, as well as policymakers and practitioners working with mine closure and social impact assessments.
Local Site Effects and Ground Failures: Select Proceedings of 7th ICRAGEE 2020 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #117)
by T. G. Sitharam Ravi Jakka L. GovindarajuThis volume presents select papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. The papers discuss advances in the fields of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. Some of the themes include ground response analysis & local site effect, seismic slope stability and landslides, application of AI in geotechnical earthquake engineering, etc. A strong emphasis is placed on connecting academic research and field practice, with many examples, case studies, best practices, and discussions on performance based design. This volume will be of interest to researchers and practicing engineers alike.
Local Stability and Ultimate Boundedness in the Control of Robot Manipulators (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #798)
by Marco A. Arteaga Alejandro Gutiérrez-Giles Javier Pliego-JiménezThis book offers a unique compendium of the authors´ own research on the use of theoretical stability analysis, showing how to take advantage of local stability design and ultimate boundedness for practical robot control. It addresses researchers and postgraduate students dealing with control theory, particularly with nonlinear systems. Thanks to the numerous worked examples, it could also be used as a textbook in postgraduate courses.
Local Strength of Ship Structures
by Piero CaridisShip structures can be extremely large, and their structural arrangements are often complex and of a considerable variety. Local Strength of Ship Structures examines the basic aspects of ship structural analysis and design using mathematical tools, with an emphasis on an understanding of the physics of the behaviour of these structures. A fundamental understanding of these concepts is essential to use computer‑based tools effectively. In addition to mathematical models, reference is made to test data that have been obtained over many years and used to gain insight into ship structural behaviour.Features: Provides an introduction to local ship strength problems, structural arrangements and the different types of materials used in ship construction Examines the fundamentals of engineering mechanics with a particular focus on marine structure problems Covers the basics of ship structural analysis and design using mathematical tools
Local Strength of Ship Structures
by Piero CaridisShip structures can be extremely large, and their structural arrangements are often complex and of a considerable variety. Local Strength of Ship Structures examines the basic aspects of ship structural analysis and design using mathematical tools, with an emphasis on an understanding of the physics of the behaviour of these structures. A fundamental understanding of these concepts is essential to use computer‑based tools effectively. In addition to mathematical models, reference is made to test data that have been obtained over many years and used to gain insight into ship structural behaviour.Features: Provides an introduction to local ship strength problems, structural arrangements and the different types of materials used in ship construction Examines the fundamentals of engineering mechanics with a particular focus on marine structure problems Covers the basics of ship structural analysis and design using mathematical tools
Local Structural Characterisation: Inorganic Materials Series (Inorganic Materials Series)
by Duncan W. Bruce Dermot O'Hare Richard I. WaltonInorganic materials are at the heart of many contemporary real-world applications, in electronic devices, drug delivery, bio-inspired materials and energy storage and transport. In order to underpin novel synthesis strategies both to facilitate these applications and to encourage new ones, a thorough review of current and emerging techniques for materials characterisation is needed. Examining important techniques that allow investigation of the structures of inorganic materials on the local atomic scale, Local Structural Characterisation discusses: Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy X-Ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy Neutrons and Neutron Spectroscopy EPR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Materials Analysis of Functional Materials by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy This addition to the Inorganic Materials Series provides a detailed and thorough review of these spectroscopic techniques and emphasises the interplay between chemical synthesis and physical characterisation.
Local Structural Characterisation: Inorganic Materials Series (Inorganic Materials Series)
by Duncan W. Bruce Dermot O'Hare Richard I. WaltonInorganic materials are at the heart of many contemporary real-world applications, in electronic devices, drug delivery, bio-inspired materials and energy storage and transport. In order to underpin novel synthesis strategies both to facilitate these applications and to encourage new ones, a thorough review of current and emerging techniques for materials characterisation is needed. Examining important techniques that allow investigation of the structures of inorganic materials on the local atomic scale, Local Structural Characterisation discusses: Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy X-Ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy Neutrons and Neutron Spectroscopy EPR Spectroscopy of Inorganic Materials Analysis of Functional Materials by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy This addition to the Inorganic Materials Series provides a detailed and thorough review of these spectroscopic techniques and emphasises the interplay between chemical synthesis and physical characterisation.
Local Structure from Diffraction (Fundamental Materials Research)
by M. F. Thorpe S. J. L. BillingeThis series of books, which is published at the rate of about one per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, with length scales ranging from Ångstroms up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article contains enough references that the interested reader can access the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for supporting this series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail: thorpe @ pa.msu.edu East Lansing, Michigan PREFACE One of the most challenging problems in the study of structure is to characterize the atomic short-range order in materials. Long-range order can be determined with a high degree of accuracy by analyzing Bragg peak positions and intensities in data from single crystals or powders. However, information about short-range order is contained in the diffuse scattering intensity. This is difficult to analyze because it is low in absolute intensity (though the integrated intensity may be significant) and widely spread in reciprocal space.
Localization and Fracture Phenomena in Inelastic Solids (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #386)
by Piotr PerzynaThe book contains the discussion of some important aspects of localization and fracture phenomena in inelastic solids (single crystals, polycrystalline solids and geological materials). Physical and experimental foundations of crystal plasticity are given. Constitutive modelling of dissipative solids for description of localization and fracture is presented. Various regularization methods for solution of the initial-boundary value problems are outlined. Numerical solutions based on finite element method of practicular evolution problems with localization of plastic deformation are considered.
Localization and Orientation in Biology and Engineering (Proceedings in Life Sciences)
by D. Varju H. U. SchnitzlerThe German Society of Cybernetics organizes international conferences on selected interdisciplinary topics in regular 3-year intervals. The aim of these meetings is to bring together scientists who work in quite different disciplines, but are confronted with related problems and use the same or similar approaches. The topic of the 1983 conference which was held on March 23-25 at the University of Tiibingen came from a typical field of research in which engineers, biologists, and phYSicists share a common interest. We do not want to discuss here in detail the common principles which are used by nature and by engineers to solve the problems associated with localization and orientation, since the reader will find enough examples in this volume. The question, however, whether the participants of such meetings can really profit from each other, deserves some further consid eration. First, there is the difficulty of finding a common language. This still seems to be a problem, although in some fields the language of engineers and biologists has become very similar over the years, an impression we also gained during the conference. Most of the authors made a great ef fort to use a vocabulary which is understandable to people outside their own field of research, but, admittedly, not all succeeded.
Localization in Underwater Sensor Networks (Wireless Networks)
by Jing Yan Haiyan Zhao Yuan Meng Xinping GuanOcean covers 70.8% of the Earth’s surface, and it plays an important role in supporting all life on Earth. Nonetheless, more than 80% of the ocean’s volume remains unmapped, unobserved and unexplored. In this regard, Underwater Sensor Networks (USNs), which offer ubiquitous computation, efficient communication and reliable control, are emerging as a promising solution to understand and explore the ocean. In order to support the application of USNs, accurate position information from sensor nodes is required to correctly analyze and interpret the data sampled. However, the openness and weak communication characteristics of USNs make underwater localization much more challenging in comparison to terrestrial sensor networks.In this book, we focus on the localization problem in USNs, taking into account the unique characteristics of the underwater environment. This problem is of considerable importance, since fundamental guidance on the design and analysis of USN localization is very limited at present. To this end, we first introduce the network architecture of USNs and briefly review previous approaches to the localization of USNs. Then, the asynchronous clock, node mobility, stratification effect, privacy preserving and attack detection are considered respectively and corresponding localization schemes are developed. Lastly, the book’s rich implications provide guidance on the design of future USN localization schemes.The results in this book reveal from a system perspective that underwater localization accuracy is closely related to the communication protocol and optimization estimator. Researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of USNs can benefit greatly from this book, which provides a wealth of information, useful methods and practical algorithms to help understand and explore the ocean.
Localization in Wireless Networks: Foundations and Applications
by Jessica Feng Sanford Miodrag Potkonjak Sasha SlijepcevicIn a computational tour-de-force, this volume wipes away a host of problems related to location discovery in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks. WASNs have recognized potential in many applications that are location-dependent, yet are heavily constrained by factors such as cost and energy consumption. Their “ad-hoc” nature, with direct rather than mediated connections between a network of wireless devices, adds another layer of difficulty. Basing this work entirely on data-driven, coordinated algorithms, the author’s aim is to present location discovery techniques that are highly accurate—and which fit user criteria. The research deploys nonparametric statistical methods and relies on the concept of joint probability to construct error (including location error) models and environmental field models. It also addresses system issues such as the broadcast and scheduling of the beacon. Reporting an impressive accuracy gain of almost 17 percent, and organized in a clear, sequential manner, this book represents a stride forward in wireless localization.
Localization, Interaction, and Transport Phenomena: Proceedings of the International Conference, August 23–28, 1984 Braunschweig, Fed. Rep. of Germany (Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences #61)
by Bernhard Kramer Gerd Bergmann Yvan BruynseraedeWhen we first had the idea of organizing the International Conference on Localization, Interaction, and Transport Phenomena in Impure Metals we expected to bring together at most a hundred physicists. The fact that more than a hundred and fifty participated clearly shows that the topic of the meeting was of great interest to an important fraction of the solid state physics community. In fact, remembering that the localization problem is already a quarter of a century old, it is quite amazing to see how, during the last five years, new and very successful theoretical models emerged which were confirmed by sometimes ingenious experiments. The number of groups involved in the study of localization or related problems in the transport properties of matter even seems to be increasing. The main purpose of this conference was to review the present status of activities in the localization field and hopefully to stimulate new ideas. A study of the Conference Proceedings ascertains that we were successful in reaching these two goals. Moreover, the presence of the authors of the about ninety contributed papers published in the supplement volume assured the very lively atmosphere which characterizes successful conferences. We think that this was the most important ingredient for achieving the second goal in particular. We thank our sponsors for their support, which was given unreluctantly and generously. Especially, we gratefully acknowledge the hospitality of the PTB and the city of Braunschweig during the time of the meeting.
Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments
by Mike Yongjun TanLOCALIZED CORROSION IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS A comprehensive exploration of the monitoring, prediction, and prevention of major forms of localized corrosion in complex industrial environments In Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments, distinguished researcher Dr. Mike Yongjun Tan delivers a solution focused approach to localized corrosion issues in complex environments with the potential to affect structural integrity, public safety, environmental protection, or energy and water deliverability. The book focuses on significant civil and industrial infrastructures exposed to complex corrosion environments, like underground and offshore gas, oil, and water pipelines. The author offers information to help ensure the continued safe operation of aging infrastructures and discusses the limitations of current technologies and the need to continuously develop new and more efficient technologies to manage integrity, prevent structural failures, protect the environment, and reduce operational costs. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the major issues relevant to infrastructural corrosion issues Comprehensive explorations of issues likely to affect future fuel and energy infrastructures, like hydrogen containing pipelines and offshore and onshore wind farms Practical discussions of recent progress in inspection and monitoring technologies, as well as the protection provided by protective coatings Fulsome treatments of the use of corrosion inhibitors Perfect for materials and corrosion scientists, physical chemists, engineers, regulators, technologists, and environmentalists, Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments will also earn a place in the libraries of corrosion and materials engineers, maintenance engineers, pipeline engineers, field personnel, and anyone responsible for the integrity of production and transmission of oil, gas, and water.
Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments
by Mike Yongjun TanLOCALIZED CORROSION IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS A comprehensive exploration of the monitoring, prediction, and prevention of major forms of localized corrosion in complex industrial environments In Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments, distinguished researcher Dr. Mike Yongjun Tan delivers a solution focused approach to localized corrosion issues in complex environments with the potential to affect structural integrity, public safety, environmental protection, or energy and water deliverability. The book focuses on significant civil and industrial infrastructures exposed to complex corrosion environments, like underground and offshore gas, oil, and water pipelines. The author offers information to help ensure the continued safe operation of aging infrastructures and discusses the limitations of current technologies and the need to continuously develop new and more efficient technologies to manage integrity, prevent structural failures, protect the environment, and reduce operational costs. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the major issues relevant to infrastructural corrosion issues Comprehensive explorations of issues likely to affect future fuel and energy infrastructures, like hydrogen containing pipelines and offshore and onshore wind farms Practical discussions of recent progress in inspection and monitoring technologies, as well as the protection provided by protective coatings Fulsome treatments of the use of corrosion inhibitors Perfect for materials and corrosion scientists, physical chemists, engineers, regulators, technologists, and environmentalists, Localized Corrosion in Complex Environments will also earn a place in the libraries of corrosion and materials engineers, maintenance engineers, pipeline engineers, field personnel, and anyone responsible for the integrity of production and transmission of oil, gas, and water.