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Major Depressive Disorder: Clinical Relevance, Biological Substrates, And Treatment Opportunities (Oxford Psychiatry Library)
by Roger S. McIntyreGet a quick, expert overview of the key issues surrounding best practices and current consensus on major depressive disorder (MDD). This concise resource by Drs. Roger S. McIntyre, Carola Rong, Mehala Subramaniapillai, and Yena Lee consolidates today's available information on this complex topic into one convenient resource, making it an ideal, easy-to-digest reference for both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. - Covers genetics and epigenetics, brain structural abnormalities, cognition, neuroendocrine alterations, and inflammatory abnormalities as they relate to MDD. - Contains chapters on psychiatric comorbidity, pharmacological treatments, neuromodulatory treatments, lifestyle interventions, internet-based/technology-based interventions, and glutamate alterations.
Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach in the Hospital (Advanced Life Support Group)
by Advanced Life Support Group (ALSG)The new edition of Major Incident Medical Management and Support is a vital component in the blended learning course from Advanced Life Support Group (ALSG), which aims to provide hospital staff at all levels with essential information on the preparation, management and support elements of dealing with casualties in a major incident. Split into five sections, each focuses on the elements requisite in preparing for, and responding, to a major incident. The first section discusses the epidemiology and incidences of major incidents and the structured approach to the hospital response. The second section contains the preparation required in planning for major incidents, including equipment and training. The third section covers the management of a major incident, concentrating on the clinical, nursing and management hierarchies. The fourth includes the various stages of support in a major incident, including declaring an incident and activating the plan, the reception, triage, definitive care and recovery phases of an incident. The final section focuses on special incidents which require additional consideration, including those involving hazardous chemicals, burns and children. Written in collaboration with the National Emergency Planning, Major Incident Medical Management and Support is an invaluable reference in the emergency department and beyond for staff needing to prepare for the rare, but inevitable, hospital major incidence response.
Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India
by Angana P. Chatterji, Thomas Blom Hansen, Christophe Jaffrelot and the contributorsMajoritarian State traces the ascendance of Hindu nationalism in contemporary India. Led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP administration has established an ethno-religious and populist style of rule since 2014. Its agenda is also pursued beyond the formal branches of government, as the new dispensation portrays conventional social hierarchies as intrinsic to Indian culture while condoning communal and caste- and gender-based violence. The contributors explore how Hindutva ideology has permeated the state apparatus and formal institutions, and how Hindutva activists exert control over civil society via vigilante groups, cultural policing and violence. Groups and regions portrayed as 'enemies' of the Indian state are the losers in a new order promoting the interests of the urban middle class and business elites. As this majoritarian ideology pervades the media and public discourse, it also affects the judiciary, universities and cultural institutions, increasingly captured by Hindu nationalists. Dissent and difference silenced and debate increasingly sidelined as the press is muzzled or intimidated in the courts. Internationally, the BJP government has emphasised hard power and a fast- expanding security state. This collection of essays offers rich empirical analysis and documentation to investigate the causes and consequences of the illiberal turn taken by the world's largest democracy.
Making a Scientific Case for Conscious Agency and Free Will
by William R. KlemmMaking a Scientific Case for Conscious Agency and Free Will makes a series of arguments that certain human behaviors are impossible to explain in the absence of free will, and that free will emerges from materialistic processes of brain function. It outlines future directions for neuroscience studies that can harness emerging technologies and tools for systems-level analysis. All humans have the sensation that they consciously will certain things to happen and that, in the absence of external constraints, they are free to choose from among alternatives. This notion of free will is deemed obvious by the average person based on common experience. Free will is frequently defended with arguments stemming from social, legal, philosophical, and religious perspectives. But these arguments appeal to consequences—not causes—of choices and decisions. In the past 3 decades, debate has raged within the scientific community over whether free will is in fact an illusion. Because free will would require conscious agency, the supporting corollary is that consciousness itself cannot do anything and is merely an observer rather than an actor. - Considers arguments for and against free will from religious, social, legal, and neuroscience perspectives - Provides thorough coverage of the manifold human behaviors that can be explained only by free will, from consciousness to creativity - Outlines future directions for further neuroscience research into the topic
Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran
by null Assef AshrafIn 1722, the Safavid empire collapsed. An empire that ruled for over two centuries, in its heyday it spanned parts of Central Asia, the Caucasus, and present-day Iran. The decades following its fall were ones of unrest and discord, and it was only with the rise of the Qajars in the 1780s that a level of stability was restored. Assef Ashraf devotes this book to an analysis of the making of the Qajar empire. It adopts a socially-oriented approach to political history - an approach that examines the discourse and political practices, and the centers and peripheries, of empire. Each chapter focuses on a particular practice that was at the heart of Qajar governance - land administration, gift giving, marriage, political correspondence, provincial diplomacy, and territorial conquest and tribal relations. By situating the formation of Qajar Iran in its early nineteenth-century context, Ashraf highlights the overarching themes of transition and change.
Making and remaking saints in nineteenth-century Britain (G - Reference,information And Interdisciplinary Subjects Ser.)
by Gareth AtkinsThis book examines the place of 'saints' and sanctity in a self-consciously modern age, and argues that Protestants were as fascinated by such figures as Catholics were. Long after the mechanisms of canonisation had disappeared, people continued not only to engage with the saints of the past but continued to make their own saints in all but name. Just as strikingly, it claims that devotional practices and language were not the property of orthodox Christians alone. Making and remaking saints in the nineteenth-century Britain explores for the first time how sainthood remained significant in this period both as an enduring institution and as a metaphor that could be transposed into unexpected contexts. Each of the chapters in this volume focuses on the reception of a particular individual or group, and together they will appeal to not only historians of religion, but those concerned with material culture, the cult of history, and with the reshaping of British identities in an age of faith and doubt.
Making and Shaping the Law of Armed Conflict (The Lieber Studies Series)
by Sandesh Sivakumaran Captain Christian BurneHow laws are created, shaped, and applied is a significant but often overlooked component of studies on armed conflict. Almost every contentious legal question involves aspects of law-making and shaping, be it the determination of a rule's scope of application, whether and how to regulate a “new” situation, or determining which sources and materials to take into account. As such, all who operate in this space - whether academic, practitioner, policy-maker, or legal advisor - must appreciate and understand the forces, factors, and actors which converge to make and shape the ever-developing law of armed conflict. This volume brings together several key contributors to explore this making and shaping in depth. A variety of aspects of law-making and shaping are analyzed, from the methodology behind identifying principles and rules of law, to what weight should be given to the views of particular actors, to the various forums where the law is made and shaped. It examines foundational materials of the law of armed conflict including the 1949 Geneva Conventions and considers the influence of a wide scope of actors, ranging from States, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and international courts and tribunals through to expert groups, commissions of inquiry, and non-state armed groups. This volume also asks us to broaden our gaze beyond spaces where the law is traditionally created to uncover different types of making and unmaking
Making and unmaking in early modern English drama: Spectators, aesthetics and incompletion
by Chloe PorterWhy are early modern English dramatists preoccupied with unfinished processes of ‘making’ and ‘unmaking’? And what did the terms ‘finished’ or ‘incomplete’ mean for dramatists and their audiences in this period? Making and unmaking in early modern English drama is about the significance of visual things that are ‘under construction’ in works by playwrights including Shakespeare, Robert Greene and John Lyly. Illustrated with examples from across visual and material culture, it opens up new interpretations of the place of aesthetic form in the early modern imagination. Plays are explored as a part of a lively post-Reformation visual culture, alongside a diverse range of contexts and themes, including iconoclasm, painting, sculpture, clothing and jewellery, automata and invisibility. Asking what it meant for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to ‘begin’ or ‘end’ a literary or visual work, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of early modern English drama, literature, visual culture and history.An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
Making and unmaking in early modern English drama: Spectators, aesthetics and incompletion
by Chloe PorterWhy are early modern English dramatists preoccupied with unfinished processes of ‘making’ and ‘unmaking’? And what did the terms ‘finished’ or ‘incomplete’ mean for dramatists and their audiences in this period? Making and unmaking in early modern English drama is about the significance of visual things that are ‘under construction’ in works by playwrights including Shakespeare, Robert Greene and John Lyly. Illustrated with examples from across visual and material culture, it opens up new interpretations of the place of aesthetic form in the early modern imagination. Plays are explored as a part of a lively post-Reformation visual culture, alongside a diverse range of contexts and themes, including iconoclasm, painting, sculpture, clothing and jewellery, automata and invisibility. Asking what it meant for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to ‘begin’ or ‘end’ a literary or visual work, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of early modern English drama, literature, visual culture and history.An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
Making Enterprise Information Management (EIM) Work for Business: A Guide to Understanding Information as an Asset
by John LadleyMaking Enterprise Information Management (EIM) Work for Business: A Guide to Understanding Information as an Asset provides a comprehensive discussion of EIM. It endeavors to explain information asset management and place it into a pragmatic, focused, and relevant light. The book is organized into two parts. Part 1 provides the material required to sell, understand, and validate the EIM program. It explains concepts such as treating Information, Data, and Content as true assets; information management maturity; and how EIM affects organizations. It also reviews the basic process that builds and maintains an EIM program, including two case studies that provide a birds-eye view of the products of the EIM program. Part 2 deals with the methods and artifacts necessary to maintain EIM and have the business manage information. Along with overviews of Information Asset concepts and the EIM process, it discusses how to initiate an EIM program and the necessary building blocks to manage the changes to managed data and content. - Organizes information modularly, so you can delve directly into the topics that you need to understand - Based in reality with practical case studies and a focus on getting the job done, even when confronted with tight budgets, resistant stakeholders, and security and compliance issues - Includes applicatory templates, examples, and advice for executing every step of an EIM program
Making Financial Globalization: How Firms Shape International Regulatory Cooperation
by Clara ParkIn Making Financial Globalization, Clara Park challenges the conventional wisdom that finance has always been global. Drawing on original datasets of financial trade restrictions and domestic financial regulations in over 100 countries, archival research of international negotiations, and case studies of the US and China, Park details how financial firms used multilateral lobbying strategies to create an international framework for financial service liberalization. As she shows, the powerful coalition across industries and countries exerted considerable pressure on national governments, who had to weigh the costs and benefits of liberalization, and facilitated international negotiations. A novel political-economic explanation for financial globalization, this timely book challenges state-centric views in international relations and emphasizes the interplay of firms and politics as a central factor shaping financial globalization.
Making Financial Globalization: How Firms Shape International Regulatory Cooperation
by Clara ParkIn Making Financial Globalization, Clara Park challenges the conventional wisdom that finance has always been global. Drawing on original datasets of financial trade restrictions and domestic financial regulations in over 100 countries, archival research of international negotiations, and case studies of the US and China, Park details how financial firms used multilateral lobbying strategies to create an international framework for financial service liberalization. As she shows, the powerful coalition across industries and countries exerted considerable pressure on national governments, who had to weigh the costs and benefits of liberalization, and facilitated international negotiations. A novel political-economic explanation for financial globalization, this timely book challenges state-centric views in international relations and emphasizes the interplay of firms and politics as a central factor shaping financial globalization.
Making home: Orphanhood, kinship and cultural memory in contemporary American novels (Contemporary American and Canadian Writers)
by Maria Holmgren Troy Elizabeth Kella Helena WahlstromMaking home explores the figure of the orphan child in a broad selection of contemporary US novels by popular and critically acclaimed authors Barbara Kingsolver, Linda Hogan, Leslie Marmon Silko, Marilynne Robinson, Michael Cunningham, Jonathan Safran Foer, John Irving, Kaye Gibbons, Octavia Butler, Jewelle Gomez and Toni Morrison. The orphan child is a continuous presence in US literature, not only in children’s books and nineteenth-century texts, but also in a variety of genres of contemporary fiction for adults. Making home examines the meanings of this figure in the contexts of American literary history, social history and ideologies of family, race and nation. It argues that contemporary orphan characters function as links to literary history and national mythologies, even as they may also serve to critique the limits of literary history, as well as the limits of familial and national belonging.
Making Jazz in Contemporary Japan: A Passionate Search for Self-Expression (ISSN)
by Marie BuscattoMaking Jazz in Contemporary Japan: A Passionate Search for Self-Expression explores the ways in which Japanese jazz musicians express themselves through their art—not to “japanize” jazz, but to assert one’s creativity, passion, and capacity for self-expression—establishing it as an art form with its own sense of musicality and cultural, social, and economic concerns. This ethnographic survey contextualizes a shift in the Japanese jazz world over the last 30 years: What once was a culture dependent on the American influence is now a thriving local scene creating a wide variety of original, transnational compositions. Based on digital and physical observations and extensive interviews with nearly three dozen Japanese professional jazz musicians while featuring portraits of well-known artists, this empirical investigation into how, where, and why jazz is performed, opens doors to touch on culturally sensitive and taboo topics such as gender, sexuality, and indigenization. Suited for readers in global jazz studies and cultural study programs alike, this book is a timely sociological consideration of the Japanese jazz diaspora, a necessary update to break free of established tropes and clichés envisioning Japanese artists as mere imitators.
Making Jazz in Contemporary Japan: A Passionate Search for Self-Expression (ISSN)
by Marie BuscattoMaking Jazz in Contemporary Japan: A Passionate Search for Self-Expression explores the ways in which Japanese jazz musicians express themselves through their art—not to “japanize” jazz, but to assert one’s creativity, passion, and capacity for self-expression—establishing it as an art form with its own sense of musicality and cultural, social, and economic concerns. This ethnographic survey contextualizes a shift in the Japanese jazz world over the last 30 years: What once was a culture dependent on the American influence is now a thriving local scene creating a wide variety of original, transnational compositions. Based on digital and physical observations and extensive interviews with nearly three dozen Japanese professional jazz musicians while featuring portraits of well-known artists, this empirical investigation into how, where, and why jazz is performed, opens doors to touch on culturally sensitive and taboo topics such as gender, sexuality, and indigenization. Suited for readers in global jazz studies and cultural study programs alike, this book is a timely sociological consideration of the Japanese jazz diaspora, a necessary update to break free of established tropes and clichés envisioning Japanese artists as mere imitators.
Making Kedjom Medicine: A History of Public Health and Well-Being in Cameroon
by Kent MaynardConceptions of medicine and medical practice among the Kedjom peoples in Cameroon embrace more than western biomedical understandings of medicine. For these peoples, medicine implies substances, knowledge, practices and institutions bound up with protection and intervention against misfortune and the active promotion of well-being. Nor are medical concerns primarily about the individual. Medicine in the precolonial era was a matter for groups. In short, medicine was preeminently public. Perhaps the major transformation since the colonial period and extending into the postcolonial, has been the increasing commercialization of "traditional" medicine as African healers shift their practices away from group concerns to a focus more concerned with treating the individual. Written in a lucid style, full of vibrant anecdotes, Maynard's book will appeal not only to medical anthropologists and development workers, but also to anyone interested in nonwestern medicine and practices.
The making of British bioethics
by Duncan WilsonThe making of British bioethics provides the first in-depth study of how philosophers, lawyers and other ‘outsiders’ came to play a major role in discussing and helping to regulate issues that used to be left to doctors and scientists. It details how British bioethics emerged thanks to a dynamic interplay between sociopolitical concerns and the aims of specific professional groups and individuals who helped create the demand for outside involvement and transformed themselves into influential ‘ethics experts’. Highlighting this interplay helps us appreciate how issues such as embryo research and assisted dying became high-profile ‘bioethical’ concerns in the late twentieth century, and why different groups now play a critical role in developing regulatory standards and leading public debates. The book draws on a wide range of original sources and will be of interest to historians of medicine and science, general historians and bioethicists.An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
The making of British bioethics
by Duncan WilsonThis book is open access under a CC-BY-NC-ND licence. The making of British bioethics provides the first in-depth study of how philosophers, lawyers and other 'outsiders' came to play a major role in discussing and helping to regulate issues that used to be left to doctors and scientists. It details how British bioethics emerged thanks to a dynamic interplay between sociopolitical concerns and the aims of specific professional groups and individuals who helped create the demand for outside involvement and transformed themselves into influential 'ethics experts'. Highlighting this interplay helps us appreciate how issues such as embryo research and assisted dying became high-profile 'bioethical' concerns in the late twentieth century, and why different groups now play a critical role in developing regulatory standards and leading public debates. The book draws on a wide range of original sources and will be of interest to historians of medicine and science, general historians and bioethicists.An electronic edition of this book is freely available under a Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
The Making of Community Work (Routledge Revivals)
by David N. ThomasOriginally published in 1983, The Making of Community Work is the outcome of a two-year study of community work in the United Kingdom. The main purpose of the study was to review the development of community work, and to suggest some of the issues in practice and training that might be important in the 1980s. Much of the first part of the book is taken up with the emergence of community work as an occupation; David Thomas tries to clarify its contribution to a number of political and social processes, and to define community work in a way which distinguishes it from other kinds of interventions. The second part of the book deals with training, research, literature and employment in community work; it includes a review of college and field-based training opportunities, and a critical discussion of the state of theory and ideology in the occupation.It was hoped it would be an important source of ideas and inspiration for the years ahead. It was the first major review of community work since its re-discovery in the 1960s; it will still be of interest to all those involved in community work, or wishing to understand its influence on other professions. The book was intended for fieldworkers, administrators, policy-makers, trainers and students in community work and in related occupations and disciplines. Thomas presents his ideas clearly, and his ability to look critically at some of the basic assumptions in community work makes for stimulating and enjoyable reading.
The Making of Community Work (Routledge Revivals)
by David N. ThomasOriginally published in 1983, The Making of Community Work is the outcome of a two-year study of community work in the United Kingdom. The main purpose of the study was to review the development of community work, and to suggest some of the issues in practice and training that might be important in the 1980s. Much of the first part of the book is taken up with the emergence of community work as an occupation; David Thomas tries to clarify its contribution to a number of political and social processes, and to define community work in a way which distinguishes it from other kinds of interventions. The second part of the book deals with training, research, literature and employment in community work; it includes a review of college and field-based training opportunities, and a critical discussion of the state of theory and ideology in the occupation.It was hoped it would be an important source of ideas and inspiration for the years ahead. It was the first major review of community work since its re-discovery in the 1960s; it will still be of interest to all those involved in community work, or wishing to understand its influence on other professions. The book was intended for fieldworkers, administrators, policy-makers, trainers and students in community work and in related occupations and disciplines. Thomas presents his ideas clearly, and his ability to look critically at some of the basic assumptions in community work makes for stimulating and enjoyable reading.
The making of Thatcherism: The Conservative Party in opposition, 1974–79 (New Perspectives on the Right #11)
by Philip BegleyThe making of Thatcherism examines the Conservative Party’s period in opposition between 1974 and 1979, focusing on the development of key policy on issues from the economy, to immigration and Scottish Devolution. Offering a detailed analysis of Conservative Party policy during this period, from the point at which it had last been in government to the point at which it subsequently regained power, this book helps us to understand the significance of the Conservative victory in 1979: What exactly did more than 13 million Britons vote for in May of that year?This period is typically viewed as one of dramatic change within the Conservative Party; however, Philip Begley argues that policy changes were more modest and complex than has been previously considered. Focusing on the short-term political context, Begley contends that though the roots of Thatcherism were beginning to emerge in the party, Thatcherism does not appear to have been inevitable in policy terms by 1979. Providing an overview of the intellectual, economic, and social contexts, this book examines the range of factors driving the Conservative Party’s development of policy.
Making Sense of Education Policy: Studies in the Sociology and Politics of Education
by Geoff Whitty`This book is a very worthwhile read for teachers, student teachers and teacher educators. It would be encouraging if politically based policy makers were to digest its contents also′ - Citizenship, Social and Economics Education `I recommend this book as an enjoyable, thought provoking and politically important read′ - Widenining Participation and Lifelong Learning `This important book challenges current educational policies in England in a style, for the most part, easily accessible to a wide audience. Geoff Whitty′s assertions are supported by a wide variety of research findings and this is a book that should be of considerable interest to student of sociology and to all member of the teaching profession′ - Mark Pepper, Equals `The particular strength of this book is Geoff Whitty′s grasp on and insights into the politics of education... he is able to bring to bear an authoritative perspective which is unrivaled in the United Kingdom. there is no other current book which compares in terms of the breadth and depth of this′ - Professor Stephen Ball, Institute of Education, University of London `This book represents a "struggle" by the director of the London Institute of Education, one of our foremost centres of teacher training and research in education, to understand what lies behind the education policies of recent governments. It is tempting to conclude that if a leading educational sociologist such as Geoff Whitty, who happens also to be brother of the former general secretary of the Labour party, has difficulty with this, there can be little hope for the rest of us. But now, at least, we have this personal odyssey to guide us′ - Bob Doe, Times Educational Supplement This book aims to make sense of the changes in education policy over the past decade, using the resources of the sociology and politics of education. The author shows that wider sociological perspectives can help us to appreciate both the limits and the possibilities of educational change. Geoff Whitty illustrates this through studies of curriculum innovation, school choice, teacher professionalism and school improvement. He considers how far education policy can be used to foster social inclusion and social justice and the book concludes with an assessment of New Labour education policy in these terms. The book deals with education policy in England and Wales, as well as making comparisons with contemporary education policy in other countries. This book is relevant to students of education at masters and doctoral levels, students of social policy, and policy-makers.
Making Sense of Planning and Development for the Post-Pandemic Cities (City Development: Issues and Best Practices)
by Kh Md NahiduzzamanThis book holds a distinguished promise of an intellectual understanding and complete account of that shifts in laying out resilient planning, development, and policy landscapes for the cities to come. The approach offers a unique perspective on planning and development in the post-pandemic era, addressing the interconnectedness of diverse spatial, social, cultural, economic, demographic, and political aspects. It provides insights into the transformational behavior of cities and citizens, explores the influence of remote work on the real estate market, emphasizes the need for resilient infrastructure and adaptive planning, and reinforces the association between health infrastructure and planning for resilient cities. The book provides a comprehensive account of the shifts and challenges faced in planning and development due to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores transformational urban planning, sociocultural, and economic landscapes and addresses topics, including land use changes, transformational real estate market, urban recreational space, adaptive infrastructure, and the need for resilient planning. It offers valuable insights for urban designers, architects, geographers, city planners, policymakers, and pubic officials seeking to enhance city resilience in the post-pandemic era. The intended readership of the book includes urban designers, architects, city planners, geographers, policy makers, and public officials. It caters to individuals interested in gaining a critical understanding of the interconnectedness between various spatial, social, cultural, economic, demographic, and political aspects. The content level is academic, offering scholarly insights and a unique post-pandemic perspective on enhancing city resilience.
Making Sense of Recordings: How Cognitive Processing of Recorded Sound Works
by Mads Walther-HansenBuilding on ideas from cognitive metaphor theory, Making Sense of Recordings offers a new perspective on record production, music perception, and the aesthetics of recorded sound. It shows how the language about sound is intimately connected to sense-making - both as a reflection of our internal cognitive capacities and as a component of our extended cognitive system. In doing so, the book provides the foundation for a broader understanding of the history of listening, discourses of sound quality, and artistic practices in the age of recorded music. The book will be of interest to anyone who asks how recorded music sounds and why it sounds as it does, and it will be a valuable resource for musicology students and researchers interested in the analysis of sound and the history of listening and record production. Additionally, sound engineers and laptop musicians will benefit from the book's exploration of the connection between embodied experiences and our cognitively processed experiences of recorded sound. The tools provided will be useful to these and other musicians who wish to intuitively interact with recorded or synthesized sound in a manner that more closely resembles the way they think and that makes sense of what they do.
Making Shiftwork Tolerable
by Timothy H. Monk Simon FolkardThis text guides the reader through the many forms of shiftwork, adopting a broad definition as being any regularly-taken employment outside the "day working window" 06.00 to 18.00. This excellent guide introduces the many and caried forms of shiftwork, adopting from the outset a broad definition of the term to embrace any regularly-taken employment outside the 'day-working window'. The authors, both internationally recognised experts in the field, describe in jargon-free language the diverse experiences of shift workers and identify the problems associated with abnormal hours. As shiftwork becomes more prevalent, prompted by economic considerations of employers in both traditional manufacturing and more recently, in the service sector, new shiftwork patterns are being introduced. The authors acknowledge the problems inherent in studying shiftwork, reviewing three classes of study: field, survey and laboratory simulation, and discuss the role of national culture in determining and limiting the applicability of 'generic' results. Topics covered include human, biological, economic, social and domestic influences; stress, strain and shiftwork; health and safety; shiftwork and task performance.